Manifest Destiny Test APUSH

What 3 factors caused slavery to grow at a rapid pace?

Louisianna Purchase

Indian Removal

Acquisition of Texas

Where do most slaves come from during this time?

Chesapeake colonies/ Upper South

Where do most slaves live/work

Deep South (Sugar and cotton plantations)

What is the Upper South’s economy based on?

slave trade

What is the Deep South’s economy based on?

sugar and cotton

Traditional Southern Gentry

Slave owners who ruled with a “disinterested benevolence” and saw slavery as a positive good

Cotton Entrepreneurs

slave owners who held no illusion of benevolence, treated slaves harshly and ruled with gang labor to optimize profit

Plater Elite

20+ slaves

top 5% of South and owning over 50% of slave population

Substantial Proprietors

6-20 slaves

1/5 of population, own 20% of slave population

Smallholding Planters and Yeomen

1-5 slaves

Work alongside slaves, struggle to make ends meet, move often

Poor Freemen

No slaves

Majority of people, desperate because elite refuse to pay taxes, resulting in limited education. Forced to serve in militias and slave patrols

Beliefs of Evangelical Black Protestantism

Created from the 2nd Great Awakening

Mix of African and American culture

Everyone is a child o God

No original sin/predestination

Joyous/upbeat worship

Slave Marriages

recognized, but not legally binding

built community and defied the nature of slave trade

Free Black Population

50% in free states

Socially inferior, poverty, kidnapping, limited education

How did the Free Black population in slave states influence economy

backbone of urban artisan workforce

How does Mexico encourage growth after gaining independence?

By offering large land grants to American emigrants

What is the result of Mexico’s population growth

Americans and their slaves outnumber Mexican residents

Why does the North grow faster than the South?

more diverse economy

slavery deters European immigration, taking skilled laborers away from South

Who did America share Oregon with

England (since 1818)

Why did so many people travel to Oregon

rich soil, good harbors, lots of land

Who was prevented from participating in the gold rush

Indians and Mexicans

Why couldn’t California emulate Texas

Californios outnumbers settlers 4 to 1

How did Americans treats other’s claim to land?

The ignored/rejected Californios and Mexicans claim to land

How did Manifest Destiny influence the election of 1844?

Many fear England will try to take California, Texas, Oregon, and Cuba

Who supports James Polk, expansionism and annexation of Texas

Southern Democrats

What was 54/50 or fight

Americans deny British claim to Oregon and want to occupy entire territory up to Alaska

Why did the Whigs struggle as a political party

They were divided on key beliefs and their nominees were inconsistent

How did Northerners view expansionism

An attempt by the South to expand and protect slavery

Who won the election of 1844

James Polk (democrats)

How did Polk try to claim Mexico’s territory

Encouraged revolution in California and sent troops in case of war

Tried and failed to but New Mexico and California

Tried to provoke an attack by putting US troops on disputed soil

What did Polk try to avoid? How?

Tried to avoid war with England (because he was already dealing with Mexico)

Settled 49th parallel as official border

How did Americans view the victory against Mexico

Most feel a burst of patriotism

Some see it as an unjust land grab to expand slavery

What did Wilmot Proviso call for

A ban on slavery in any territory gained through the war with Mexico (defeated)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

US acquires 1/3 of Mexican territory for 15 million

How do many Democrats react to the acquisition of Mexican land

They become more aggressive and call for the annexation of larger portions of Mexico

What did Oregon Territory offer after it was created in 1848

Free land to settlers before 1854

What was “Free Soil”

The first political party to put abolitionism at its foundation. Fought Slave Power domination of national life

Result of the election of 1848

Democrats lost members from the North who joined the Free Soil Party

Cass (Dem.) lost to war hero Taylor (Whig)

4 positions for extending slavery to the Pacific

Dual Presidency between North and South

Extend the Missouri Compromise line

Squatter Sovereignty (the people decide)

No extension/slavery in the new land

What sparked the debate about how to extend slavery and what decided the outcome

California’s petition for admission as a state in 1849

Addressed by the Compromise of 1850

What did the Compromise of 1850 do

Stricter Fugitive Slave Law

California admitted as a free state

Abolish slavery in D.C.

Organized territories of Utah and New Mexico, where popular sovereignty would decide slavery

Who were the fire-eaters

Southerners who feared for the future of slavery and fought hard to keep it

How did the North react to the new Fugitive Slave Law

With significant outrage and opposition

Why does the Whig Party fully disintegrate

Slavery

(Southerners refuse to support a candidate who will compromise on slavery)

Gadsden Purchase

Acquisition of a small chunk of land in modern day New Mexico and Arizona

An attempt by the South to gain an advantage in the quest for a transcontinental railroad

Ostend Manifesto

An attempt by Pierce to Purchase Cuba. If the refuse to sell, The U.S. is justified in forcefully taking it

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed Kansas/Nebraska territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery

Effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Repealed Missouri Compromise

Bleeding Kansas

Opens Midwest for transcontinental railroad

Republican Party

Replaces Whigs

Opposed slavery

Favored social mobility and internal improvements

Know-Nothing Party

Competes with Republicans

Nativist and Anti-Slavery

result of the Election of 1856

Democrat Buchanan (favoring popular sovereignty) defeats first Republican candidate, John Fremont

Dred Scott v Sandford decision

Supreme Court decides African Americans could never be citizens, Congress/territorial governments cannot restrict slavery as it is protected by the 5th amendment as property

How does Buchanan react to Kansas

Pushes for it to become a slave state, despite will of the people

How does Buchanan react to Cuba

Continues attempts to acquire it

Who was Abraham Lincoln

Served in the House during Mexican-American war

Illinois state government and lawyer

Opposed slavery

Lincoln Douglas debates

series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas during election campaign.

Followed nationally

Who are the Democrats divided into before 1860

Fire-eaters and moderates

What do the radical Northerner predict

an unavoidable conflict between freedom and slavery

4 main candidates in the election of 1860

Northern Democrat: Stephen Douglas

Southern Democrat: John Breckenridge

Constitutional Union: John Bell

Republican: Abraham Lincoln

Effect of John Brown and Harpers Ferry

Made South think Northerners were extremist, and that they needed to prepare to be extreme and fight back

point of no return for the civil war

Why was Lincoln able to win the election of 1860

The Democrat votes were split among 3 different nominees