IB Economics SL/HL Unit 2 (Microeconomics)

5.0(4)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/86

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

All microeconomics terms and formulas for IB Economics. Includes both SL and HL. 2022~2029 syllabus. Imported from EcoNinja.net. (Unit 3 Now Available)

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

87 Terms

1
New cards

Law of Demand

States that the quantity demanded for a good or service decreases as price increases and vice versa.

2
New cards

The Income Effect

States that as the price of a product falls, consumers' real income increases and more will be bought.

3
New cards

The Substitution Effect

States that as the price of a product increases, more consumers will choose it over rivals and more will be bought.

4
New cards

Substitute Goods

Goods or services that compete against each other and are hence in competitive demand.

5
New cards

Shift

A change in a non-price determinant changes the quantity.

6
New cards

Quantity Supplied

The amount of goods and services producers are willing and able to provide.

7
New cards

Law of Supply

States that the quantity supplied is directly proportional to price.

8
New cards

Diminishing Marginal Returns

As more factors of production are utilized, each additional unit brings declining returns.

9
New cards

Competitive Supply

The output of one good or service prevents the output of another.

10
New cards

Joint Supply

The output of one good or service increases the output of another.

11
New cards

Price Mechanism

The interactions between consumers and producers that allocate resources and determines prices of goods and services.

12
New cards

Signalling Function

Provides information to consumers and producers on where resources should be allocated.

13
New cards

Incentive Function

Provides motivation for consumers and producers to change their behavior to maximize profits.

14
New cards

Rationing Function

Ensures scarce goods and services deter consumers by raising prices.

15
New cards

Consumer Surplus

The gain of all consumers who can consume a product at a lower price than what they were willing and able to pay.

16
New cards

Social Surplus

The sum of consumer and producer surplus.

17
New cards

Allocative Efficiency

The social optimum when resources are distributed in the most effective and beneficial way.

18
New cards

Rational Consumer Choice

The assumption that all consumers make the most rational decisions.

19
New cards

Imperfect Information

A situation where an economic agent has incomplete information on the product they're buying/selling.

20
New cards

Bounded Rationality

The idea that consumers do not always have the capability to make perfectly rational decisions.

21
New cards

Bounded Selfishness

The idea that consumers are not always completely selfish, in contrast to traditional economic theory.

22
New cards

Bounded Self-Control

The idea that consumers may give in to their temptations and consume products they know are not maximizing their utility.

23
New cards

Rule-of-Thumb

General rules consumers stick to when faced with a lack of information regarding a product.

24
New cards

Anchoring Bias

A cognitive bias where consumers over-rely on information they've received in the past, rather than current information.

25
New cards

Framing Bias

A cognitive bias where consumers decide on products based on how positively (or negatively) they are portrayed.

26
New cards

Availability Bias

A cognitive bias where consumers decide on products based on what information they can first remember is associated with the product.

27
New cards

Choice Architecture

The study of how choices can be presented in a way that influences which choice is taken.

28
New cards

Nudge Theory

Ways to influence consumers into choosing something, without actively restricting their choices; They are simply "nudged" into the "right" direction.

29
New cards

Corporate Social Responsibility

The consideration firms make on how they impact society and the environment.

30
New cards

Income Elasticity of Demand

A measure of how quantity demanded for a product varies based on income.

<p>A measure of how quantity demanded for a product varies based on income.</p>
31
New cards

Inferior Goods

Goods with a negative income elasticity (as incomes increase, less will be demanded)

32
New cards

Necessities/Normal Goods

Goods with an income elasticity between 0 and 1 (as incomes increase, more will be demanded, but less than the proportionate change).

33
New cards

Luxury Goods

Goods with an income elasticity of more than 1 (as incomes increase, more will be demanded, and more than the proportionate change).

34
New cards

Indirect Tax

A payment taken indirectly from consumers by charging for their expenditure on goods and services.

35
New cards

Specific Tax

A fixed amount of tax on a good or service.

36
New cards

Ad Valorem Tax

A percentage tax on a good or service.

37
New cards

Government Failure

Arises when government intervention causes more social costs than benefits.

38
New cards

Market Failure

The inability of the free market to achieve allocative efficiency.

39
New cards

Marginal Private Benefits

The additional value gained by households or firms when consuming/producing an extra unit of a good or service.

40
New cards

Marginal Private Costs

The additional expense incurred by households or firms when consuming/producing an extra unit of a good or service.

41
New cards

Marginal Social Benefits

The additional value gained by society when consuming/producing an extra unit of a good or service.

42
New cards

Marginal Social Costs

The additional expense incurred by society when consuming/producing an extra unit of a good or service.

43
New cards

Common Pool Resources

Non-excludable but rivalrous resources.

44
New cards

Tradable Permits

Government-regulated tradable contracts that allow for pollution. They can be traded amongst firms to result in a more socially optimum level.

45
New cards

Subsidies

Financial assistance from the government to firms that lower their costs of production, in order to increase output.

46
New cards

Public Goods

Goods for consumption that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.

47
New cards

Free-Rider Problem

The issue that arises when people that do not pay for a good or service have access to it.

48
New cards

Asymmetric Information

The issue that arises when the seller has more information about the good or service than the buyer, or vice versa.

49
New cards

Adverse Selection

A market situation where buyers and sellers have more information than the other, leading to the party with the most information making optimal decisions for themselves, at the cost of the other party.

50
New cards

Moral Hazard

A market situation where a buyer or seller protected from risk makes optimal decisions for themselves, at the cost of the other party.

51
New cards

Perfect Competition

A market structure with many firms holding no market power, no barriers to entry, and homogeneous products.

52
New cards

Monopolistic Competition

A market structure with many firms holding little market power, low barriers to entry, and differentiated products.

53
New cards

Oligopoly

A market structure with a few large firms holding significant market power, high barriers to entry, and differentiated products.

54
New cards

Collusive Oligopoly

A market structure where oligopolistic firms engage in practices to restrict competition by price fixing or limiting output.

55
New cards

Monopoly

A market structure with one large firm holding all market power, high barriers to entry, and no close substitute products.

56
New cards

Natural Monopoly

A market structure where only one large firm is able to operate with profit.

57
New cards

Variable Costs

Expenses that change with output of a good or service.

58
New cards

Profit Maximization

When a firm produces at the largest possible difference between total revenue and total costs.

59
New cards

Income Inequality

The issue of income being unequally distributed in a country.

60
New cards

Wealth Inequality

The issue of assets being unequally distributed in a country.

61
New cards

Quantity Demanded

The amount of goods and services consumers are willing and able to purchase.

62
New cards

Diminishing Marginal Utility

As more of a product is consumed, each additional unit brings declining satisfaction, and consumers are only willing to buy more at lower prices.

63
New cards

Market Demand Curve

The sum of all individual demand for a good or service.

64
New cards

Complementary Goods

Goods or services that are jointly demanded.

65
New cards

Movement

A change in price changes the quantity.

66
New cards

Marginal Costs

The cost of producing one additional good or service.

= (Change in TC) / (Change in Q)

67
New cards

Market Supply Curve

The sum of all individual supply for a good or service.

68
New cards

Shortage

When there is excess demand for a good or service.

69
New cards

Surplus

When there is excess supply for a good or service.

70
New cards

Producer Surplus

The gain of all producers who can produce a product at a higher price than what they were willing and able to earn.

71
New cards

Perfect Information

A situation where an economic agent has complete information about everything related to the product they're buying/selling.

72
New cards

Price Elasticity of Demand

A measure of how quantity demanded for a product varies based on price.

<p>A measure of how quantity demanded for a product varies based on price.</p>
73
New cards

Price Elasticity of Supply

A measure of how quantity supplied for a product varies based on price.

<p>A measure of how quantity supplied for a product varies based on price.</p>
74
New cards

Price Ceiling

Government regulations that set a maximum price for a good or service.

75
New cards

Price Floor

Government regulations that set a minimum price for a good or service.

76
New cards

Positive Externalities

Benefits of a good or service enjoyed by a third party not directly involved in an economic transaction.

77
New cards

Negative Externalities

Costs of a good or service experienced by a third party not directly involved in an economic transaction.

78
New cards

Merit Goods

Goods and services that create positive externalities when produced or consumed

79
New cards

Demerit Goods

Goods and services that create negative externalities when produced or consumed

80
New cards

Carbon Tax

A tax on greenhouse gas emissions that aim to reduce pollution.

81
New cards

Market Power

The ability of a firm to manipulate prices of a good or service.

82
New cards

Revenue

The money gained by a firm for selling their goods and services.

83
New cards

Fixed Costs

Expenses that do not change with output of a good or service.

84
New cards

Profit

The money remaining after expenses have been subtracted from revenue.

= TR - TC

85
New cards

Marginal Revenue

The additional revenue when producing one additional unit of a good or service.

= (Change in TR) / (Change in Q)

86
New cards

Abnormal Profit

Profit left after accounting for costs, incentivizing the entry of new firms into the market.

87
New cards

Normal Profit

When the cost of production equals the revenue of selling.