Nutrition Ch. 8

Healthy BMI

18.5-24.9

Overweight BMI

25-29.9

Obesity BMI

30-39.9

Extreme Obesity BMI

>40

Underweight BMI

<18.5

central obesity

Excess fat in the stomach

Risks of central obesity

Heart Disease, stroke, diabetes, HTN, Cancer

Waist Circumference

Women: Greater than 35 inches

Men: Greater than 40 inches

Risks of being underweight

Malnutrition, smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, decreased immunity, menstrual irregularities and infertility, osteoporosis and bones fractures

Stress Eating

Eating in response to emotion, usually stress

Percent of calories burned from physical activity

30-50%

bomb calorimeter

Instrument used to measure energy value

Appetite

Thought, sight, and smell of food

Hunger

Feeling that prompts us to eat or not to eat

Satiety

Feeling of satisfaction that halts eating for several hours (after eating)

Satiation

Feeling of fullness, halts eating (during eating)

indirect calorimetry

Measure of carbon dioxide expelled and oxygen consumed

direct calorimetry

Direct measure of amount of heat released

Hypothalamus

Control center of brain, and it regulates appetite

most satiating nutrient

protein

Neuropeptide Y

stimulates appetite

Causes carb cravings

Decreases energy expenditure

Increases fat storage

Favors positive energy balance

Thermogenesis

Heat production

Basal Metabolism

Energy to maintain the body's basic life processes (50-65% calories burned)

Features that increases BMR

Height, Growth, Body Composition, Fever, Stresses, Environmental Temperature, Premenstrual hormones

Features that decreases BMR

Age, more fat tissue, Fasting/Starvation, Malnutrition, Thyroid Hormone thyroxin, sleeping

BMR difference between men and women

Males have more lean tissue than women, which is why males have a higher BMR than females

Factors that determine amount of energy required for an activity

Muscle Mass

Body Weight

Activity (Duration, Frequency, Intensity)

adaptive thermogenesis

Adjustments in energy related to environmental changes/stresses

diet-induced thermogenesis

TEF + any increase in metabolism due to overeating

thermic affect of food (TEF)

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients. 10% of kcals.

BMI (body mass index)

a measure of body weight relative to height (weight (kg)/height (m)^2