biology - unit 8: semester 2

anatomy >

study of the body's structure

what does ana- mean?

apart

what does tomy- mean?

to cut

physiology >

study of how the body functions

what does physio- mean?

nature

what does ology- mean?

the study of

cell >

basic functional units of life

tissue >

group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

organ >

different tissues combine to form a structure with a specialized function

organ system >

a collective of organs working together to accomplish a braoder

organism >

the complete living being, made up of all the organ system functioning together

where does digestion first occur?

the mouth

where does most of the absorption happen in the digestive system?

small intestine

what are the 11 major systems in the human body?

1. integumentary system

2. skeletal system

3. muscular system

4. nervous system

5. endocrine system

6. circulator system

7. respiratory system

8. digestive system

9. urinary system

10. immune system

11. reproductive system

integumentary system >

the external covering of the body

what are the structures of the integumentary system?

• skin

• hair

• nails

• glands

what are some of the BASIC functions of the integumentary system?

• it regulates temperature

• detects pain, heat, cold, pressure and vibration

• protects the body from infection, injury and sunlight

skeletal system >

the framework of the human body

what are the structures of the skeletal system?

• bones

• cartilages

• ligaments

• joints

what are the BASIC functions of the skeletal system?

• it supports the framework for the body and it holds organs in place

• it protects vital organs (including the brain, heart, and lungs)

• allows movement throughout the interaction of bones, joints and muscles,

• it has bone marrow that produces red and white blood cells

muscular system >

enables movement, support and circulation

what are some structures of the muscular system?

• skeletal muscles

• cardiac muscles

• smooth muscles

what are the BASIC functions of the muscular system?

• the movement of the skeletal muscles pull on bones to move body parts

• the muscles support internal organs

• enables posture

• smooth muscles in blood vessels help circulate blood

• it creates heat generation

nervous system >

a complex network of cells, and organs that controls and coordinates all bodily functions

what is the structure of the nervous system? (not grouped)

• brain

• sensory receptor

• spinal cord

• nerves

what are the BASIC functions of the nervous system?

• sensory perception

• motor control

• cognition

• regulates emotional responses

• homeostasis

what is the structure of the nervous system? (grouped)

the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic system, and autonomic system

central nervous system >

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system >

includes all the nerves extending from the central nervous system to the rest of the body

what are the two parts of peripheral nervous system?

somatic system and autonomic system

somatic system >

controls voluntary movements

what is an example of the somatic nervous system?

walking, talking and writing

autonomic system >

regulates involuntary functions

what are some examples of autonomic system?

heartbeat, digestion and breathing

endocrine system >

a network of glands that produce hormones regulating many of the body’s functions, including metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, response to injury, stress, and mood

what are the structures of the endocrine system?

• hypothalamus

• pituitary gland

  • thyroid

  • pancreas

  • pineal gland

  • ovaries

  • testes

hypothalamus >

controls the endocrine system/controller of all the parts of the endocrine system

pituitary gland >

main endocrine gland

thyroid >

works with the nervous and immune system to regulate metabolism

pancreas >

produces insulin to regulate blood sugar

pineal gland >

produces melatonin

testes >

produce testosterone which affects sperm production

ovaries >

produce hormones affecting fertility and the menstrual cycle

circulatory system >

network of organs and vessels that transport blood throughout the body

what are the structures of the circulatory system?

• heart

• blood vessels

• arteries

• capillaries

• veins

heart >

muscular pump that pushes blood through the body

blood vessels >

tubes that carry the blood through the body

what are parts of the blood vessels?

arteries, capillaries, and veins

arteries >

carry blood from the heart to the body

capillaries >

tiny vessels allowing gas and nutrient exchanges between blood and cells

veins >

carry blood back to the heart

respiratory system >

a group of organs that enables breathing and gas exchange

what are the structures of respiratory system?

• nose

• mouth

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

nose/mouth >

filters air

larynx >

“voice box”, connects the throat to the trachea vibrates when you talk

trachea >

“windpipe”, carries air from the larynx to the bronchi

bronchi >

tubes that branch out from the trachea and carry air to the lungs

lungs >

main organ where oxygen is inhaled, and carbon dioxide is exhaled

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

gas exchange, breathing, smell and protection

gas exchange >

the process of moving oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide

breathing >

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

smell >

the ability to detect chemical in the air

protection (for the respiratory system) >

the ability to filter dust and microbes

digestive system >

a group of organs that break down food and liquids so the body can absorb nutrients

what are the main functions of the digestive system?

• ingestion

• digestion

• absorption

• elimination

ingestion >

food is taken into the mouth

digestion >

food is broken down into smaller pieces so it can be digested chemically

absorption >

nutrients absorbed into blood though the wall of the small intestine

elimination >

waste that can’t be digested is removed from the body though the anus

what are the structures of the digestive system?

• mouth

• esophagus

• stomach

• pancreas

• liver

• small intestine

• large intestine

• rectum

• anus

mouth >

saliva contains enzymes called amylase and lipase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates and fats respectively

stomach >

gastric juice, containing hydrochloric acid and pepsin breaks down proteins and kills harmful bacteria

pancreas >

provides juice containing enzymes such as amylase lipase and protease which further breaks down carbohydrates, fats and proteins

liver >

bile from the liver helps emulsify fats for digestion

small intestine >

absorbs nutrients from food

large intestine >

receives waste from the small intestine and stores it until its eliminated

rectum and anus >

stores and controls stool is excreted

what is the order of the digestive system?

1. mouth

2. esophagus

3. stomach

4. small intestines

5. liver, pancreas

6. large intestines

7. rectum

8. anus

urinary system >

removes wastes and excess fluid from the body and filters blood and creates urine as a waste by-product

what does waste include?

urea, excess water and salt and medications

urea >

the breakdown of protein

what else does urinary system do?

regulates blood pressure though controlling water and electrolyte absorption

what is the structure of the urinary system?

• kidneys

• ureters

• bladder

• urethra

kidney (urinary system) >

filter waste from the blood

ureters (urinary system) >

carry urine from the kidney to the bladder

bladder (urinary system) >

stores and empties urine

urethra (urinary system) >

carries urine from the bladder to the body

are the following urinary terms in order?

yes (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)

immune system >

a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that protect the body from infections, diseases, and other harmful substances

how does the immune system work?

recognizing and eliminating foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins

is the immune system intelligent?

yes, very

what are the functions of the immune system?

recognition, activation, attack, and memory

recognition >

detects foreign invaders

antigens >

foreign invaders

activation >

activates and produces specific antibodies to target it

attack >

antibodies attack and destroy the antigen eliminating the threat

memory >

remembers and stores previous infections (antigen information) so it can respond faster and more effectively if they invade again

what are the structures of the immune system?

white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow

white blood cells?

fights infections (WBC’s, Leukocytes)

lymph nodes >

filter fluid and traps foreign substances