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anatomy >
study of the body's structure
what does ana- mean?
apart
what does tomy- mean?
to cut
physiology >
study of how the body functions
what does physio- mean?
nature
what does ology- mean?
the study of
cell >
basic functional units of life
tissue >
group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
organ >
different tissues combine to form a structure with a specialized function
organ system >
a collective of organs working together to accomplish a braoder
organism >
the complete living being, made up of all the organ system functioning together
where does digestion first occur?
the mouth
where does most of the absorption happen in the digestive system?
small intestine
what are the 11 major systems in the human body?
integumentary system
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
circulator system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
immune system
reproductive system
integumentary system >
the external covering of the body
what are the structures of the integumentary system?
skin
hair
nails
glands
what are some of the BASIC functions of the integumentary system?
it regulates temperature
detects pain, heat, cold, pressure and vibration
protects the body from infection, injury and sunlight
skeletal system >
the framework of the human body
what are the structures of the skeletal system?
bones
cartilages
ligaments
joints
what are the BASIC functions of the skeletal system?
it supports the framework for the body and it holds organs in place, it protects vital organs (including the brain, heart, and lungs), allows movement throughout the interaction of bones, joints and muscles, and it has bone marrow that produces red and white blood cells
muscular system >
enables movement, support and circulation
what are some structures of the muscular system?
skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles
what are the BASIC functions of the muscular system?
the movement of the skeletal muscles pull on bones to move body parts, the muscles support internal organs, enables posture, smooth muscles in blood vessels help circulate blood and it creates heat generation
nervous system >
a complex network of cells, and organs that controls and coordinates all bodily functions
what is the structure of the nervous system? (not grouped)
brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord and nerves
what are the BASIC functions of the nervous system?
sensory perception, motor control, cognition, regulates emotional responses, and homeostasis
what is the structure of the nervous system? (grouped)
the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic system, and autonomic system
central nervous system >
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system >
includes all the nerves extending from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
what are the two parts of peripheral nervous system?
somatic system and autonomic system
somatic system >
controls voluntary movements w
what is an example of the somatic nervous system?
walking, talking and writing
autonomic system >
regulates involuntary functions
what are some examples of autonomic system?
heartbeat, digestion and breathing
endocrine system >
a network of glands that produce hormones regulating many of the body’s functions, including metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, response to injury, stress, and mood
what are the structures of the endocrine system?
main two: hypothalamus, pituitary gland but also includes the thyroid, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries, and testes
hypothalamus >
controls the endocrine system/controller of all the parts of the endocrine system
pituitary gland >
main endocrine gland
thyroid >
works with the nervous and immune system to regulate metabolism
pancreas >
produces insulin to regulate blood sugar
pineal gland >
produces melatonin
testes >
produce testosterone which affects sperm production
ovaries >
produce hormones affecting fertility and the menstrual cycle
circulatory system >
network of organs and vessels that transport blood throughout the body
what are the structures of the circulatory system?
heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins
heart >
muscular pump that pushes blood through the body
blood vessels >
tubes that carry the blood through the body
what are parts of the blood vessels?
arteries, capillaries, and veins
arteries >
carry blood from the heart to the body
capillaries >
tiny vessels allowing gas and nutrient exchanges between blood and cells
veins >
carry blood back to the heart
respiratory system >
a group of organs that enables breathing and gas exchange
what are the structures of respiratory system?
nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
nose/mouth >
filters air
larynx >
“voice box”, connects the throat to the trachea vibrates when you talk
trachea >
“windpipe”, carries air from the larynx to the bronchi
bronchi >
tubes that branch out from the trachea and carry air to the lungs l
lungs >
main organ where oxygen is inhaled, and carbon dioxide is exhaled
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
gas exchange, breathing, smell and protection
gas exchange >
the process of moving oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide
breathing >
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
smell >
the ability to detect chemical in the air
protection (for the respiratory system) >
the ability to filter dust and microbes
digestive system >
a group of organs that break down food and liquids so the body can absorb nutrients
what are the mean structures of the digestive system?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
ingestion >
food is taken into the mouth
digestion >
food is broken down into smaller pieces so it can be digested chemically
absorption >
nutrients absorbed into blood though the wall of the small intestine
elimination >
waste that can’t be digested is removed from the body though the anus
what are the structures of the digestive system?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
mouth >
saliva contains enzymes called amylase and lipase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates and fats respectively
stomach >
gastric juice, containing hydrochloric acid and pepsin breaks down proteins and kills harmful bacteria
pancreas >
provides juice containing enzymes such as amylase lipase and protease which further breaks down carbohydrates, fats and proteins
liver >
bile from the liver helps emulsify fats for digestion
small intestine >
absorbs nutrients from food
large intestine >
receives waste from the small intestine and stores it until its eliminated
rectum and anus >
stores and controls stool is excreted
what is the order of the digestive system?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver, pancreas, large intestines, rectum and anus
urinary system >
removes wastes and excess fluid from the body and filters blood and creates urine as a waste by-product
what does waste include?
urea, excess water and salt and medications
urea >
the breakdown of protein
what else does urinary system do?
regulates blood pressure though controlling water and electrolyte absorption
what is the structure of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
kidney (urinary system) >
filter waste from the blood
ureters (urinary system) >
carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
bladder (urinary system) >
stores and empties urine
urethra (urinary system) >
carries urine from the bladder to the body
are the following urinary terms in order?
yes (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
immune system >
a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that protect the body from infections, diseases, and other harmful substances
how does the immune system work?
recognizing and eliminating foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins
is the immune system intelligent?
yes, very
what are the functions of the immune system?
recognition, activation, attack, and memory
recognition >
detects foreign invaders
antigens >
foreign invaders
activation >
activates and produces specific antibodies to target it
attack >
antibodies attack and destroy the antigen eliminating the threat
memory >
remembers and stores previous infections (antigen information) so it can respond faster and more effectively if they invade again
what are the structures of the immune system?
white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow
white blood cells?
fights infections (WBC’s, Leukocytes)
lymph nodes >
filter fluid and traps foreign substances
Note 
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