WH Flug- Modern Africa & Middle East

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Protectorate

country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

Sphere of influence

area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Paternalistic

the system of governing a country as a father would a child

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

David Livingstone

(1813-1873) was a Scottish missionary and explorer who influenced Western attitudes toward Africa.

Leopold II

king of Belgium who led the first Western efforts to develop and control the Congo basin. He ruled personally over the Congo Free State, which became part of Belgium in 1908.

Boer War

Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa

Deforestation

the destruction of forest land

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that separated different races

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Pan-Africanism

movement that stressed unity among all Africans

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Hutu

The majority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who was responsible for the 1994 genocide

Tutsi

The minority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who were victims of the 1994 genocide

F.W. de Klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison

Pan-Arabism

movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state

Ataturk

"Father of the Turks" who helped to create Republic of Turkey and wanted to modernize [westernize] Turkey as well as separate religion and government

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

Arab Spring

A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

West Bank

In Israel, a strip of land on the west side of the Jordan River, originally controlled by Jordan, which is part of the land set aside for Arab Palestinians

settlements

disputed civilian communities built on Palestinian lands occupied by Israel. Such communities currently exist in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and in the Golan Heights.