AP Biology - Unit 5

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Biology

11th

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51 Terms

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Character
an observable feature that may vary among individuals
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Trait
one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
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true breeding
organisms that produce the same variety over many generations of self-pollination
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Hybridization
the mating/crossing of two true-breeding varieties
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P generation
Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
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F1 generation
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
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F2 generation
offspring of the F1 generation
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Allele
any of the alternate versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
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Law of segregation
the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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homozygote
an organism with two similar alleles for a gene
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heteroygote
an organism with two different alleles for a gene
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phenotype
observable traits
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genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
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Test cross
breeding of an unknown genotype with recessive to determine unknown genotype
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Monohybrids
heterozygous for one particular trait
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Monohybrid cross
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
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Dihybrids
heterozygous for two traits
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Dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
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Law of independent assortment
the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
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Complete dominance
phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
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incomplete dominacne
heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individual homozygotes
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codominance
two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
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pleitropy
single gene having multiple effects
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epistasis
phenotypic expression of a gene t one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
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quantitative characters
a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fashion
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polygenic inheritance
an additive effect of two or more groups on a single phenotypic character
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multifactorial
many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype
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pedigree
a diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of a heritable character in parents and offspring over multiple generations
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carriers
heterozygotes transmitting a recessive allele
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chromosome theory of inheritance
Mandelian genes have specific sites along chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation
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Wild type
phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations
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Mutant phenotypes
alleles assumed to be changes or mutations
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sex-linked gene
gene located on either sex chromosome
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X-linked gene
gene on X chromosome
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Y-linked gene
gene on Y chromosome
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Barr body
inactive condensed X chromosome
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linked genes
genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
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genetic recombination
the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent
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parental types
offspring with phenotype that matches the true-breeding parent
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recombinant types
offspring with new variations
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genetic map
an ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome
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linkage map
genetic map based on recombination frequencies
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map unit
distance between genes
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nondisjunction
members of homologs do not move apart properly during meiosis I
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aneuploidy
when one or more chromosomes are absent or present in excess
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polypoidy
have more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells
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deletion
a chromosomal fragment is lost
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duplication
a broken fragment becoming reattached as an extra segment
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inversion
fragment reattaching in reverse
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translocation
fragment joining a nonhomologous chromosome
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genetic imprinting
expression of an allele depends upon which parent passed it on