8th Grade Science Chapter 1 test

Minerals, Atoms, Maps, and Earth Science Intro

5 Criteria of a mineral

Naturally Occurring, Solid Substance, Inorganic, Orderly Crystalline Structure, and Definite Chemical Composition

4 Ways a Mineral Forms

Crystallization from Magma, Precipitation, Pressure/Temperature, and Hydrothermal solution.

How do we define which mineral is which

Composition

Ways to Identify a Mineral

Color, Streak, Luster, Cleavage/Fracture, Hardness, and Density

What are the three states of matter

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

What is the table that lists elements

Periodic Table

A substance that cannot be broken down further

Element

Smallest particle of matter that contains charactistics of a element

Atom

Central part of a Atom

Nucleus

Three sub atomic particles

Proton, Neutron, and Electron

Charges for sub atomic particles

Proton +1, Neutron none, Electron -1

Which subatomic particle has no mass we count

Electron

Atomic Number

Amount of protons in a atom

Same amount of protons but different amount of neutrons

Isotopes

A substance that has two or more elements that are combined

Compound

When does chemical bonding happen

When a atom wants to fill up the outer shell of energy

3 Types of Chemical Bonding

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic

4 Spheres of the Earth

Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Geosphere, Atmosphere

3 Layers of Earth

Crust, mantle, and core

What do tectonic plate make when hitting and separating

Mountains and Volcanos

What caused the tectonic plates to move

Convection currents under the mantle

What is the lithosphere

Crust and solid parts of the upper mantle

What are large sections of the lithosphere called

Tectonic plates

What are forces that build and wear down landforms

Constructive forces and Destructive forces

What are the grid lines on a map called

Longitude and latitude

What direction does longitude and latitude go

Longitude goes UP and DOWN. Latitude goes SIDE to SIDE

What is the 0 degree point for each type of line

Prime Meridian for Longitude and Equator for Latitude

What is wrong with standard maps

It is distorted, since it is a round shape onto a flat surface

What type of representation for maps doesn’t distort it

A globe

What type of map can show a 3D surface in a 2D plane

Topographic Map

What do Contour lines show

Elevation

What does it mean when contour lines are close together

The elevation is steep

What is a field of study that goes over earth and its neighbors in space

Earth Science

What are 4 divisions of Earth Science

Geology, Oceanography, Meteorology, Astronomy

What is Geology and what types are there

The study of physical structure of earth. Physical and Historical geology.

What is Oceanography

The study of the ocean

What is Meteorology

Study of atmosphere, weather, and climate

What is Astronomy

Study of space

What is the theory of how our solar system formed

Nebular Hypothesis

How long ago did our solar system form

5 billion years ago

What did our solar system start as

A Nebular Cloud

How did the sun form

Gravity pulled together enough matter to create nuclear fusion

What two elements were most abundant in our nebula

Hydrogen and Helium

What causes the earth to have layers

The earth was liquid before and the denser liquids went to the bottom

How do you calculate density

D=M/V2-V1

What is Streak

The color of the powdered form of rocks

What is Luster

The way light reflects off minerals

What is Cleavage

If a mineral breaks in a consistent pattern

What is Fracture

If a mineral breaks randomly and unpredictably

What is Hardness

How the resistant a mineral is to being scratched