anatomy midterm

Abdominal

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

Acromial

point of shoulder

Antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek area

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

calcneal

heel of foot

cervical

neck region

coxal

hip

crural

anterior leg; the shin

deltoid

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

digital

fingers, toes

dorsal

back

femoral

thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)

fibular

lateral part of leg

frontal

forehead

genital

reproductive organs

gluteal

buttock

Inguinal

Area where thigh meets body trunk; grain

Lumbar

Area of back between the ribs and hips; the loin

Mental

chin

Nasal

nose area

occipital

posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

oral

mouth

orbital

eye area

Olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

patellar

anterior knee

popliteal

posterior knee area

pelvic

area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

pubic

genital region

Tarsal

ankle region

thoracic

area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest

Sacral

area between hips at base of spine

sternal

breastbone area

scapular

shoulder blade region

umbilical

navel

sural

the posterior surface of leg; the calf

vertebral

area of spinal column

Organ system

Group of organs working together

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together

Organ

Different types of tissues working together

organelles

Specialized structures in cell

cell

Structural unit of all living things

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

simple squamous (definition, locations, function)

tissue with a single layer of flat (squamous) cells

L: lungs, capillaries (forms membranes)

F: diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

simple cuboidal (definition, locations, functions)

tissue with a single layer of cube-like (cuboidal) cells

L: glands, kidney tubules

F: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Simple Columnar (definition, locations, functions)

tissue with a single layer of tall (columnar) cells; Goblet cells secrete mucus

L: digestive tract

F: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

pseudostratified columnar (definition, locations, functions)

Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification

L: respiratory tract

F: absorption or secretion

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue formed by more than 1 layer of epithelial cells; squamous cells are at the apical (free) surface

F: protective covering

L: lining of the:
Skin (outer portion)
Mouth
Esophagus

stratified cuboidal function/location/definition

two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection

Rare in human body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands

stratified columnar function/location/definition

surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection

Rare in human body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands

transitional epithelium

modified stratified squamous epithelium that stretches; located in urinary bladder

glandular epithelium

located in glands, secrete things

connective tissue

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

ct functions

Provides protection
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body

bone (definition, location, function)

composed of osteocytes in lacunea cavities (osseous tissue), located in bones, protects/supports body

hyaline cartilage (definition, location, function)

most widespread type of cartilage, has abundant collagen fibers

larynx, fetal skeleton before birth

flexible; protects/supports body

fibrocartilage (definition, location, function)

most compressible type of cartilage, forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae of spinal column, protects spinal column

elastic cartilage (definition, location, function)

cartilage CT with many elastic fibers

found in structures with elasticity, external ear, supports body parts and provides elasticity

dense fibrous connective tissue (definition, location, function)

Main matrix element is collagen fiber
Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
Anytime you see rows or sheets of fibers

tendons, ligaments, dermis, function is protection

Areloar CT (definition, location, function)

most widely distributed CT, organs, holds organs in place (universal packing tissue/glue)

adipose ct (definition, location, function)

fat; eyeballs/tissue beneath skin, insulates body

Reticular CT (definition, location, function)

Connective tissue that contains reticular fibers and cells; used to make the framework of major organs

located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

blood CT (definition, location, function)

the only liquid CT; consists of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma and is vascular.

it is located thruout body, and it carries nutrients/ serves as a transport vehicle for cardiovascular system

skeletal muscle ((definition, location, function)

muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations

-Voluntarily (consciously) controlled, striated
-Attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin
-Produces gross body movements or facial expressions

smooth muscle (definition, location, function)

muscle consisting of spindle-shaped, unstriped (nonstriated) muscle cells

Involuntarily controlled, Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels, perilstalsis

cardiac muscle (definition, location, function)

specialized muscle of the heart with striations and interclated discs; involuntary muscle

-Involuntarily controlled
-Found only in the heart
-Pumps blood through blood vessels

nervous tissue

Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

Neuroglical cells/ neuroglia

nonneuronal tissue of the central nervous system that performs supportive and other functions

epithelial

covering

connective

support

muscle

movement

nervous

control

integumentary system

Consists of the Skin (cutaneous membrane), Skin derivatives, Sweat glands, Oil glands, Hair, and Nails

what does the skin protect deeper tissues from?

-Mechanical damage (bumps)
-Chemical damage (acids and bases)
-Bacterial damage
-Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight)
-Thermal damage (heat or cold)
-Desiccation (drying out)
-Keratin protects skin from water loss

skin functions

-Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
-Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
-Synthesizes vitamin D
-Cutaneous sensory receptors detect touch, temperature, pressure, and pain

Skin layers (outer to inner)

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous (hypodermis)

epidermis

the outer layers of the skin; an epithelium. It is avascular and kertanized (most cells are keratinocytes)

5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum basale

deepest, dividing cell layer of the epidermis

*also called stratum germinativum*

stratum spinosum

epidermal layer superficial (above) to the stratum basale; cells in this layer are filled with pre-keratin

stratum lucidum

the epidermal layer found only in thick skin (only the palms of the hands or soles of the feet)

Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata

stratum granulosum

epidermal layer just superficial to stratum spinosum; cells begin to flatten and become keratinized

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis; composed of dead, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

dermis

the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue

What pigments contribute to skin color?

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

keratin

a tough, insoluble protein found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin

rule of nines (OPEN ENDED ON TEST)

Method of computing the extent of burns by dividing the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body area

The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area

ABCD rule of melanoma(OTHER OPEN ENDED ON TEST)

A \= Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

B \= Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth

C \= Color
Different colors in pigmented area

D \= Diameter
Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter

E \= Evolution

axial skeleton

The skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton.

osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

subcutaneous layer

innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue

what happens to epidermal cells as they undergo keratinization?

they die and become rougher; the dead, keratinized cells form the stratum corneum

goblet cells

individual cells (simple glands) that produce mucus

anatomy

the science of the *structure* of living organisms