Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology?
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78 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
Fusion technology and biology to manipulate living organisms and biological systems for practical purposes, including medical, agricultural, and industrial applications.
What are three traditional Biotechnology products?
yogurt, bread, and cheese
What are two examples of modern Biotechnology products?
therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry detergents
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
1970s
When did the modern biotechnology begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
8000 BC
When was wine first invented?
4000 BC
Who discovered brewing and cheese making? When?
Sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC
What was the first antibiotics used? Which culture? When
500 BC by the Chinese using moldy soybean curds
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?
Edward Jenner in 1796
Who discovered proteins?
Jons Jakob Berzelius
When was the Origin of Species published?
1859
When was pasteurization first developed?
1861
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
1865
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? When?
1885 by Louis Pasteur
When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?
1919
Who discovered penicillin? What year?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information?
Oswald Avery
When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?
1953
When was mRNA discovered?
1961
When was the gene first completely synthesized?
1971
When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
By Genentech in 1977
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the Human Genome Project first launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal?
Dolly the Sheep in 1997
When was the Golden Rice developed?
1999
When was the Human Genome Project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2003
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?
2012
When was mRNA vaccines first used?
2021
What are the different sectors in biotechnology
research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic engineering
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
can we, does not equal should we
ethics = equity, safety, and long term impacts
What are the tools in biotech?
whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins
What are two of the key instruments in biotech?
spectrophotometers and PCR machines
What is chromatography?
Sort
What is gene transfer?
delivery system
What is protein purification?
final product
What is a spectrophotometer?
absorbs light
What is PCR?
amplifies DNA to be used in diagnostics forensic cloning
What are the key concepts behind using biotech in national defense?
rapid indentification, vaccines, and stockpiling therapeutics
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?
Genentech - Humulin
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
biotech - biological drugs
pharma - chemical drugs
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
life sciences, healthcare, agriculture, forensics, and national defense
What is genomics?
study of entire genome
What is proteomics?
study of all protein expressions
What is precision medicine?
targeted therapies based on genetics profile
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
lab and animal testing
What happens during the phase 1 clinical trials?
testing drug safety
What happens during phase 2 clinical trials?
test effectiveness
What happens during phase 3 clinical trials?
confirming results
What are the four common hazards in a lab?
chemical, biological, physical, and fire-related
What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?
training, PPE, and procedural awareness
What must initial and recurring training cover?
equipment location, safe handling, and emergency response
What is PPE?
Personal Protective Equipment
When should PPE be worn?
at all times
What is eye protection?
goggles, splash guards, UV face shields
What is hand protection?
latex,nitrile gloves based on hazard type
What are body/foot protection?
lab coats and closed-toed shoes
What is the MSDS?
Material Safety Data Sheets - detail safe handling and storage
When should fume hoods be used?
when handling volatile or hazardous substances
What are Biosafety levels?
Labs categorized by safety
What is BSL 1
non-disease causing (non-pathogenic)
What is BSL 2?
Moderate hazard - human samples
What is BSL 3 and BSL 4
High-level pathogens - advanced pathogens, special isolation, government facilities
How should microorganisms be disposed?
autoclaving or 10% bleach
What tools measure volume?
graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes, micropipettesWhat
tools measure mass?
analytic balances
What is normal body temp?
37 degrees C
What is normal room temp?
22 degrees C
What pH meters?
measures pH
How should glassware be cleaned?
rinsing, then washing with detergentm and rinsing with distilled water, and finally sterilizing it
What is an autoclave?
uses pressurized steam to penetrate and denature proteins and sterilizes
What are the different methods for disinfection
10% bleach, 70% ethanol, and UV light
What is the purpose of a lab notebook?
purpose, method, results, and conclusions
What are SI units?
significant figures
What is the dilution formula?
C1V1=C2V2