Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Physiology

the study of the function of the body

Chemical level

represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)

Cellular level

represents the basic unit of all living things

Tissue level

a group of cells with similar or common function

Organ level

a group of tissues with similar or common function

Organ system level

a group of organs with similar or common function

Organismic level

the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.

Integumentary System

controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards

Skeletal System

supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells

Muscular System

movement, support and produces heat

Nervous System

controls immediate responses to stimuli

Endocrine System

controls long-term responses in body

Cardiovascular System

internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells

Lymphatic & Immune Systems

defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system

Respiratory System

exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues

Digestive System

ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes

Urinary System

filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate waste products

Reproductive System

produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction

homeostasis

condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow physiological limits

homeostatic regulation

adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis

receptor

monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center

control (integration) center

receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response

effector

cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect)

interactions of a feedback system

stimulus -\> receptor -\> input (afferent pathway) -\> control center -\> output (efferent pathway) -\> response

positive feedback

the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which

places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc.

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Negative feedback

the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes

insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level.

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Anatomical position

patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic \= head

Cranial

upper portion of head surrounding brain

Facial

face

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

axillary

armpit

acromial

point of shoulder

deltoid

fleshy portion of shoulder

brachial

upper arm

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

front of elbow

carpal

wrist

manual

hand

digital (phalangeal)

fingers or toes

abdominal

region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis

dorsal

back

lumbar

lower back

olecranol

back of elbow

pelvic

pelvis

pubic

anterior pelvis

inguinal

junction of trunk and thighs (groin)

gluteal

buttocks

femoral

thigh

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

crural

anterior of lower leg (shin)

sural

posterior of lower leg (calf)

tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

plantar

bottom of foot

superior (

cephalic \= cranial) \= towards the head

inferior (

caudal) \= away from the head

anterior (ventral)

towards the front

posterior (dorsal)

towards the back

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

towards the point of attachment (limbs)

distal

away from the point of attachment (limbs)

superficial

towards the surface (i.e., skin)

deep

away from the surface

Sagittal

separates the body into right and left parts

Midsaggital

median \= separates the body into equal right and left parts

Parasaggital

separates the body into unequal right and left parts

Frontal

coronal \= separates the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse

horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior parts

.

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dorsal body

The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity.

ventral body

The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he dorsal body cavity.

The dorsal body cavity

surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

It is separated into two subdivisions

the cranial cavity surrounds the brain and the spinal cavity surrounds the spinal cord.

The ventral body cavity

includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

The thoracic cavity

is the cavity superior to the diaphragm and the abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm.

The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into

two pleural cavities, which contain the lungs, one pericardial cavity, which contains the

heart, and the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus and trachea.

...

The abdominopelvic cavity

is separated into two regions, which are not truly separated from one another in the

body.

...

These are the abdominal cavity,

which contains primarily the digestive organs and the pelvic cavity, which contains primarily the reproductive and urinary organs.

Serous membranes (also called serosae)

are found within the ventral body cavity. They consist of two layers of membrane with fluid \=(called serous fluid) in between the two layers.

The inner layer

which is closest to the organ, is

called the visceral layer.

...

The outer layer

which is closest to the body wall, is called the parietal layer.

Pleura

serous membranes surrounding lungs

parietal pleura

outer serous membrane surrounding lungs

visceral pleura

inner serous membrane surrounding lungs

Pericardium

serous membranes surrounding heart

parietal percardium

outer serous membrane surrounding heart

visceral pericardium

inner serous membrane surrounding heart

Peritoneum

serous membranes lining organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (surrounding digestive, reproductive and

urinary organs)

...

parietal peritoneum

outer serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region

visceral peritoneum

inner serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region