safety and anatomic terms, pH and buffers

ppe(personal protective equipment) includes

gloves, closed toe shoes, protective eyewear

glass waste

sharps waste

chemical waste

specimen waste

test tube holder

dropper bottle

anatomical position

standing upright, head level with eyes, legs straight, feet flat & pointed forward, arms at side straight palms facing forward thumbs to the side, right and left refers to subject not observers

superior

above

cranial or cephalic

towards the head or superior region

inferior

below

anterior or ventral

closer to the front of the body

posterior or dorsal

closer to the back of the body

midline

imaginary line down the center of the body dividing it into matching halves

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

further from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment to the body (used only for limbs) ex: elbow to hand

distal

further from part of attachment (used only for limbs), ex: fingers to wrist

superficial

towards the surface ex: skin to bones

deep

toward interior ex: lungs to ribcage

ipsilateral

on same side ex: right leg to right arm

contralateral

on opposite side ex: right leg and left leg

afferent

to carry toward ex: blood vessels carrying blood towards the kidney

efferent

to carry away ex: nerves carry information away from the brain and spinal cord

plane

imaginary line, 4 types: sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique

section

cut along plane, named after the plan its cut along

sagittal plane

longitudinal, cuts into right and left halves, mid (2 equal halves), para (two unequal halves), B

frontal/ coronal plane

cuts into anterior and posterior, C

transverse plane

cuts superior and inferior, aka cross section, A

oblique plane

a cut at an angle between the other planes, D

two body cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal body cavity

subdivided into cranial and vertebral (they are continuous w/ each other

cranial cavity

contains brain and skull

vertebral cavity

contains spinal cord within its column

ventral body cavity

subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic separated by the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

contains the heart and the lungs protected by the rib cage, pleural and pericardial cavities

pleural cavity

two of them, contains each lung

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

abdominopelvic cavity

subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

superior part containing stomach, liver, intestines, and associated organs

pelvic cavity

inferior part containing reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

quadrant method

divides abdomen into four parts (anatomical position), RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

regional method

divides abdominopelvic into nine regions

right hypochondriac

A

epigastric

B

left hypochondriac

C

right lumbar

D

umbilical

E

left lumbar

F

right inguinal

G

hypogastric

H

left inguinal

I

scientific method

make observation, gather information, propose a hypothesis, test hypothesis, present and analyze results from data collected, conclusions

system used in the world of science

metric

length units

meter, m

volume units

liter, l

weight unit

gram, g

giga

G, 1×10⁹

mega

M, 1 × 10⁶

kilo

k, 1×10³

deca

dk, da, 10

deci

d, 1×10^-1

centi

c, 1×10^-2

mili

m, 1×10^-3

micro

u, 1×10^-6

nano

1×10^-9

independent variable

factor that is getting tested, deliberately being changed, x axis

dependent variable

result that we are looking for, y axis

pH

measure of amount of H+ in solutions

buffer

substance that prevents drastic changes in pH

acid

ionic compound that dissociates into an anion and H+ cation, pH 0-6.9, ex: soda, coffee, vinegar, tea

base

ionic compound that dissociated into an OH- anion and cation ex: baking soda, glass cleaner

salt

ionic compound that dissociates into an anion and cation but anion is not OH- and cation is not H+, ex: NaCl