Lab #2 - Animal Health

8 factors in an animal’s environment that should be evaluated because they impact an animal’s health

1. bedding

2. water quality/access to water

3. food quality

4. flooring + footing/ physical structure/shelter

5. social interactions

6. ambient temperature

7. air quality

8. lighting

9. keeping other animals out

8 characteristics of a healthy animal

1. bright, alert responses (BAR)/ quiet, alert responses (QAR)

2. eating + drinking

3. urinating + defacating

4. chewing cud

5. normal haircoat

6. posture

7. temperature, pulse, respiration (TPR)

8. vocalization (in context)

8 clinical signs or characteristics suggestive of an unhealthy animal

1. physical lesion

2. lethargy + different levels of consciousness

3. anxiousness

4. immobile/down

5. depression

6. coughing + sneezing

7. nasal discharge

8. diaherrea

9. blood in urine

10. too much urine or too little urine

sheep TPR chart

temperature → 101-103.5 F

heart rate → 70-80 BPM (60-120 bpm)

respiratory rate → 12-24 breaths per min

ruminations → 1-2 per minute

goat TPR chart

temperature → 101-103.5 F

heart rate → 70-80 BPM (60-120)

respiratory rate → 12-24 breaths per minute

ruminations → 1-2 per minute

cattle TPR chart

temperature → 100-102.8 F

heart rate → 60 BPM (40-80)

respiratory rate → 10-36 breaths per minute

ruminations → 3 every 2 minutes

horses TPR chart

temperature → 99-101 F

heart rate → 24-44 BPM

respiratory rate → 10-24 breaths per minute

pigs TPR chart

temperature → 101-103.5 F

heart rate → 60-80 bpm

respiratory rate → 10-20 breaths per minute

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

government agency that assures the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs/biological products and regulates drug labels

definition of “withhold” or “withdrawal” period for drugs used to treat food animals

the time from the last drug treatment to when an animal or its products may enter the food chain

topical

approx rate of absorption: slow

potential location for food and fiber animals: almost any exposed surface

abbreviation: PO

route of administration: per os → orally

approx rate of absorption: slow - intermediate

potential location for food and fiber animals: mouth

abbreviation: ID

route of administration: intradermal → skin

approx rate of absorption: slow

potential location for food and fiber animals: caudal tail folds or neck

• injected in dermis

• tuberculosis testing

abbreviation: SC or SQ

route of administration: subcutaneous

approx rate of absorption: intermediate

potential location for food and fiber animals: neck, over back

inhaled (nebulized)

approx rate of absorption: rapid

potential location for food and fiber animals: mouth + nose

abbreviation: IP

route of administration: intraperitoned

approx rate of absorption: rapid

potential location for food and fiber animals: in the abdomen

• used for rodent

abbreviation: IM

route of administration: intramuscular

approx rate of absorption: rapid

potential location for food and fiber animals: neck muscles

• horses: pectoral, glutils

abbreviation: IV

route of administration: intravenus

approx rate of absorption: immediate

potential location for food and fiber animals: jugular vein, tail vein, milk vein, etc

• fastest

abbreviation: IC

route of administration: intracardiac

approx rate of absorption: immediate

potential location for food and fiber animals: heart

• desperate measures

• small animals, small dogs/cats

extra label drug use

use of an FDA approved drug in a manner that is not on the label that allows the use through AMDUCA

AMDUCA meaning

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

May any drug be extra labelled in veterinary medicine?

No

how many baby/deciduous teeth does a sheep have?

20 temporary teeth

how many permanent/adult teeth does a sheep have?

32 teeth

how can tooth eruption times be helpful?

it can be used to estimate a sheep’s age

tooth eruption times

incisor 1 → 1-1.5 years

incisor 2 → 1.5-2 years

incisor 3 → 2.5-3 years

incisor 4/canine 1 → 3.5-4 years

premolars → 1.5-2 years

molar 1 → 3 months

molar 2 → 9-12 months

molar 3 → 1.5-2 years

sheep do not have any upper incisors, instead they have _____

dental pad

how many pairs of lower incisors do sheep have?

4 pairs