Studied by 1 person6 elements of living things
Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.
What is special about carbon?
it is found in all living organisms. Element of life
Biotic vs. Abiotic
Biotic- living, has lived, comes from a living thing Abiotic- never lived, never will live, never has lived
Carbs in animals vs. plants
Plants quick energy is glucose and humans quick energy is glucose. Humans storage is glycogen and plants storage is starch.
Food examples of carbohydrates.
Bread, Pretzel
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Cellular respiration location
mitochondrial matrix
Carbon cycle
Carbon- the carbon cycle could not happen without decomposition. Carbon can not be created or destroyed. It is cycled through the biosphere in different forms. It enters the atmosphere through combustion and respiration. Fungi, bacteria, and worms can break down dead animals and organisms.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen- bacteria involved is denitrifying, n-fixing and nitrifying. Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates in soil to atmospheric nitrogen. N2 is removed from the atmosphere by us breathing it in, lightning, and bacteria. If nitrifying bacteria disappeared, then nitrogen could not flow as easily, there would be lots of Ammonia, and plants would decrease. Nitrification makes Ammonia to nitrates. Denitrification is making nitrates into nitrogen. Humans obtain nitrogen by the food they eat, and breathing it in. Nitrate is NO3.
Water cycle
Major areas of water storage area are atmosphere, ocean, surface water, and soil/groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers. Rain, sleet and snow are precipitation.
Reactants and products of photosynthesis
reactants: carbon dioxide and waterproducts: glucose and oxygen
photosynthesis chemical formula
6H20 + 6CO2 → c6H12O6 + 6 O
Compare and contrast light dependent and light independent reactions
Light independent uses a rubisco to fix the carbon. The reactants are ATP, NaDPH, RubP, CO2, Nadp+. The reactants for the Light dependent cycle are sunlight and H20, and it makes NadPH, ATP, and oxygen. 6 carbons go into phase 1, 9 in phase 2, and 15 in phase 3. This phase occurs in the Stroma. The light- dependent cycle occurs in the thykaloid membrane.
ATP vs ADP
ATP has 3 phosphate groups and ADP has two phosphate groups.
Steps of light dependent reactions
High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.Pigments in Photosystem II absorb light.ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane.
Reactants and products for light dependent photosynthesis
Sunlight, water → NADPH, ATP, oxygen
What goes in and comes out of the light indpendent cycle?
Rubp, CO2, ATP, NAdPh, Nadp →glucose
What happens to the carbon?
It exits the cycle.
Niche
Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
habitat
Place where an organism lives
Positive and negative relationships
Positive- both organisms are positively affected or not affected at all. Negative- one organism is harmed.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
competition
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
effect of invasive species
Invasive species take the food and resources of the original species.
Population growth=...
(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Density Dependent vs Density Independent Factors
Density-dependent regulation can be affected by factors that affect birth and death rates such as competition and predation. Density-independent regulation can be affected by factors that affect birth and death rates such as abiotic factors and environmental factors, i.e. severe weather and conditions such as fire.
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
reasons why populations crash
invasive species, not enough energy
Exponential vs. Logistic Growth
Exponential growth occurs when a populations size increases dramatically over a period of time, logistic growth occurs when a population begins with slow growth followed by a period of exponential growth then leveling off stably
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Producer
An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
effects of changing numbers of carnivores and herbivores.
more carnivores, less meat; more herbivores, less plants
Levels of food pyramid
primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer
10% rule
Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.
Food web vs Food chain vs energy pyramid
food web shows many interactions, food pyramid shows levels of energy, food chain shows a single line of interaction
Hooke
named cells
Van Leeuwenhoek
First to observe bacteria
Schleiden
cell is the basic unit of plant structure
Schwann
all animals are made of cells
Remack and Virchow
-Remack; Jewish/German was first to observe and describe cell division-Virchow; German took all the credit
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
Animal cells have centrioles (plant cells dont). Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts (animal cells dont). Plant cells have a large central vacuole and a chloroplast. An animal cell has a lysosome
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Lysosomes
Cleans the cell
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
creates lipids or fat
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Nucleus
DNA is stored here. Controls the cell.
Cytoplasm
all organelles are suspended here.
Golgi apparatus
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
polar vs nonpolar
polar is unequal sharing of electrons, nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons. Polar CAN mix with water (phosphate group), Non-Polar can not mix with water (fatty acids)
electrons of water
not equally shared
Covalent vs. Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds. A covalent bond shares valence electrons. It holds the hydrogen atom to the oxygen atom. A hydrogen bond links multiple water molecules together.
lipid structure
two fatt acid tails. One saturated and one unsaturated. Non-polar.
Lipid functions in the body
long term energy storage and insulation
examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
saturated vs unsaturated
Saturated: no double bondsUnsaturated: double bonds
Triglyceride vs. Phospholipids
A triglyceride has three fatty acids and a glycerol. They are a long term storage of energy. A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a glycerol. They make up the cell membrane
elements in lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what makes a phospholipid polar?
phosphate group
Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic means they are scared of water; hydrophilic likes water.
Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?
-the polar heads are hydrophilic so they want to be touching the water, so they arrange themselves on the outside of the bilayer where they can be touching water-the nonpolar tails are hydrophobic and don't want to touch water, so they arrange themselves on the inside of the bilayer where the heads are between them and water
transport proteins
Transports bigger things into the cell (glucose, water) Glucose needs a glut and water needs an aquaphorin.
what can freely go in and out of a cell membrane
gasses
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
What is homeostasis?
water moving in and out of cells.
common elements of living things
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are monomers?
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
What is a polymer?
long chain of monomers
What are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
water cycle
water stays water during the entire cycle, but gets reused in different ways.
oxygen is considered a what of photosynthesis.
biproduct
which stage of photosynthesis comes first?
Light dependent
What do you need for the light dependent photosynthesis reaction
water, energy, sun
What does the light dependent photosynthesis phase make?
oxygen, ATP, NADPH
What does the light independent reaction need?
ATP, NADPH, CO2
What does the light independent reaction make?
glucose
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration with oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
respiration without oxygen
what are the three parts of the cell theory?
Cells come from other cells, a cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells
Jansen
invented the first microscope
What type of cell has a cell wall?
plant cell
what cell is the vacuole in?
plant
examples of biotic
plants and animals
Examples of abiotic factors
water, soil, light , minerals, wind, air, temperature, pollution, etc.
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion of just water
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Does water move towards hypertonic enviorments or hypotonic enviornments?
Hypertonic
Note
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