Sterling BIology exam

bio exam

6 elements of living things

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.

What is special about carbon?

it is found in all living organisms. Element of life

Biotic vs. Abiotic

Biotic- living, has lived, comes from a living thing Abiotic- never lived, never will live, never has lived

Carbs in animals vs. plants

Plants quick energy is glucose and humans quick energy is glucose. Humans storage is glycogen and plants storage is starch.

Food examples of carbohydrates.

Bread, Pretzel

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2---\> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Cellular respiration location

mitochondrial matrix

Carbon cycle

Carbon- the carbon cycle could not happen without decomposition. Carbon can not be created or destroyed. It is cycled through the biosphere in different forms. It enters the atmosphere through combustion and respiration. Fungi, bacteria, and worms can break down dead animals and organisms.

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen- bacteria involved is denitrifying, n-fixing and nitrifying. Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates in soil to atmospheric nitrogen. N2 is removed from the atmosphere by us breathing it in, lightning, and bacteria. If nitrifying bacteria disappeared, then nitrogen could not flow as easily, there would be lots of Ammonia, and plants would decrease. Nitrification makes Ammonia to nitrates. Denitrification is making nitrates into nitrogen. Humans obtain nitrogen by the food they eat, and breathing it in. Nitrate is NO3.

Water cycle

Major areas of water storage area are atmosphere, ocean, surface water, and soil/groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers. Rain, sleet and snow are precipitation.

Reactants and products of photosynthesis

reactants: carbon dioxide and waterproducts: glucose and oxygen

photosynthesis chemical formula

6H20 + 6CO2 → c6H12O6 + 6 O

Compare and contrast light dependent and light independent reactions

Light independent uses a rubisco to fix the carbon. The reactants are ATP, NaDPH, RubP, CO2, Nadp+. The reactants for the Light dependent cycle are sunlight and H20, and it makes NadPH, ATP, and oxygen. 6 carbons go into phase 1, 9 in phase 2, and 15 in phase 3. This phase occurs in the Stroma. The light- dependent cycle occurs in the thykaloid membrane.

ATP vs ADP

ATP has 3 phosphate groups and ADP has two phosphate groups.

Steps of light dependent reactions

High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.Pigments in Photosystem II absorb light.ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane.

Reactants and products for light dependent photosynthesis

Sunlight, water → NADPH, ATP, oxygen

What goes in and comes out of the light indpendent cycle?

Rubp, CO2, ATP, NAdPh, Nadp →glucose

What happens to the carbon?

It exits the cycle.

Niche

Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

habitat

Place where an organism lives

Positive and negative relationships

Positive- both organisms are positively affected or not affected at all. Negative- one organism is harmed.

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

effect of invasive species

Invasive species take the food and resources of the original species.

Population growth=...

(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

Density Dependent vs Density Independent Factors

Density-dependent regulation can be affected by factors that affect birth and death rates such as competition and predation. Density-independent regulation can be affected by factors that affect birth and death rates such as abiotic factors and environmental factors, i.e. severe weather and conditions such as fire.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

reasons why populations crash

invasive species, not enough energy

Exponential vs. Logistic Growth

Exponential growth occurs when a populations size increases dramatically over a period of time, logistic growth occurs when a population begins with slow growth followed by a period of exponential growth then leveling off stably

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Producer

An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

effects of changing numbers of carnivores and herbivores.

more carnivores, less meat; more herbivores, less plants

Levels of food pyramid

primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer

10% rule

Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.

Food web vs Food chain vs energy pyramid

food web shows many interactions, food pyramid shows levels of energy, food chain shows a single line of interaction

Hooke

named cells

Van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe bacteria

Schleiden

cell is the basic unit of plant structure

Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Remack and Virchow

-Remack; Jewish/German was first to observe and describe cell division-Virchow; German took all the credit

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Animal vs. Plant Cells

Animal cells have centrioles (plant cells dont). Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts (animal cells dont). Plant cells have a large central vacuole and a chloroplast. An animal cell has a lysosome

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Lysosomes

Cleans the cell

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Nucleus

DNA is stored here. Controls the cell.

Cytoplasm

all organelles are suspended here.

Golgi apparatus

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

polar vs nonpolar

polar is unequal sharing of electrons, nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons. Polar CAN mix with water (phosphate group), Non-Polar can not mix with water (fatty acids)

electrons of water

not equally shared

Covalent vs. Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds. A covalent bond shares valence electrons. It holds the hydrogen atom to the oxygen atom. A hydrogen bond links multiple water molecules together.

lipid structure

two fatt acid tails. One saturated and one unsaturated. Non-polar.

Lipid functions in the body

long term energy storage and insulation

examples of lipids

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

saturated vs unsaturated

Saturated: no double bondsUnsaturated: double bonds

Triglyceride vs. Phospholipids

A triglyceride has three fatty acids and a glycerol. They are a long term storage of energy. A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a glycerol. They make up the cell membrane

elements in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what makes a phospholipid polar?

phosphate group

Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic means they are scared of water; hydrophilic likes water.

Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?

-the polar heads are hydrophilic so they want to be touching the water, so they arrange themselves on the outside of the bilayer where they can be touching water-the nonpolar tails are hydrophobic and don't want to touch water, so they arrange themselves on the inside of the bilayer where the heads are between them and water

transport proteins

Transports bigger things into the cell (glucose, water) Glucose needs a glut and water needs an aquaphorin.

what can freely go in and out of a cell membrane

gasses

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

What is homeostasis?

water moving in and out of cells.

common elements of living things

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

What are monomers?

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

What is a polymer?

long chain of monomers

What are the 4 macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

water cycle

water stays water during the entire cycle, but gets reused in different ways.

oxygen is considered a what of photosynthesis.

biproduct

which stage of photosynthesis comes first?

Light dependent

What do you need for the light dependent photosynthesis reaction

water, energy, sun

What does the light dependent photosynthesis phase make?

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

What does the light independent reaction need?

ATP, NADPH, CO2

What does the light independent reaction make?

glucose

What is aerobic respiration?

Respiration with oxygen

What is anaerobic respiration?

respiration without oxygen

what are the three parts of the cell theory?

Cells come from other cells, a cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells

Jansen

invented the first microscope

What type of cell has a cell wall?

plant cell

what cell is the vacuole in?

plant

examples of biotic

plants and animals

Examples of abiotic factors

water, soil, light , minerals, wind, air, temperature, pollution, etc.

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion of just water

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Does water move towards hypertonic enviorments or hypotonic enviornments?

Hypertonic