Unit 2 Population & Migration

Population Distribution

Physical factors: climate (mid-latitude regions 60-degree North or South of the equator), landforms (mountain, desert, etc. have lower population), water (drinking, for farming, transportation)

Human Factors: Culture, Economics, Government, Transportation, Industry, Time of day

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Has changed over time

Population clusters: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe

Population Density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Arithmetic Densterm-0ity

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Says little about where people actually live or distributed in space

Physiological Density

total population divided by arable land (farmable land)

Can help show Carrying capacity of a country

Agricultural Density

number of farmers divided by arable land

can help determine LDC vs MDC.....MDC will have less farmers because of industrialization of farming techniques

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

cohort

group unified by a specific common characteristic

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, gender etc

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year

crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

# lower in MDC and higher in LDC

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Demographic Balancing Equation

Total Population Change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Rule of 70
70 divided by % NIR = how long it will take the population to double

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Shows population change as countries modernize. The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

5 stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

1. Pestilence & Famine
2. Receding Pandemics
3. Degenerative & Human Created Diseases
4. Delayed Degenerative Diseases
5. Reemerging Infectious & Parasitic Diseases

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (population can outgrow food supply)

result will be war, famine, disease. (natural checks to population growth)

Neo-Malthus

People who adapted Malthus basic ideas to modern conditions

Argue the global overpopulation is a threat & will lead to depletion of nonrenewable resources, increased pollution, food shortages, as well as social/political/economic/environmental catastrophe

Esther Boserup

Argues against Malthus

Population change drives the intensity of agricultural production - people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, etc.

It is not about production but rather distribution of food

Pronatalist Policies

government policies that encourage child birth to promote population growth

incentives: tax breaks, free child care, family discounts on government services, longer maternity/paternity leave,

Can be seen in countries in stage 5 of DTM

Ex: Italy, Japan, Germany, Singapore, Denmark

Antinatalist Policies

government policies that discourage child birth to decrease population growth

Incentives: Government sponsored/access to contraceptives, abortions, sterilization, or family planning clinics, higher taxes/fines for having multiple kids, access to low cost healthcare for smaller families,

Can be seen in countries in stage 2 or 3 of DTM

Ex: China, India, Nigeria

Contraceptives

used to prevent pregnancy: birth control, condoms etc

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Led countries to move to stage 2 of the DTM

Migration

a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move from one place to another

Immigration

Migration to a new location (Country)

Immigration with an I = into a new place

Emigration

movement of individuals out of a country

Emigration with an E = to leave a place

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1880s German geographer noted patterns about migration tendencies, demographics etc (why/how/who migrates)

1. Economic reasons
2. Most people migrate Short Distances
3. Long Distance migrants usually move to Urban Areas (major economic activities found here....think Gravity Model)
4. Step Migration
5. Counter-migration
6. Men migrate further than women
7. Long Distance migrants are young adults rather than families with children
8. Rural to Urban

Zelinsky's Model of Migration

Coincides with the DTM

Claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on its level of development

Stage 1: little or no permanent migration (move daily or seasonally)

Stage 2: Rural to Urban AND International migration

Stage 3-5: Migration is internal intraregional

Push/Pull Factors

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

Intervening Opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.....pauses ones migration (movement)

Intervening Obstacle

hinders migration.

PHYSICAL FEATURES: mountains, oceans, deserts etc

MAN MADE BARRIERS such as The Berlin Wall, US/Mexico wall, Israeli Green Line Wall, POLITICAL policies restricting immigration, ECONOMIC cost of migrating, CULTURAL obstacles such as language, family pressure, hostility towards immigrants

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate because of political, economic, environmental and cultural factors

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in fear of their life

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political / cultural reasons as a refugee but has NOT migrated across an international border

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Transnational Migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, & financial ties with their country of origin

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country" Transnational migrants work, pray, and express their political interests in several contexts rather than in a single nation-state. Some will put down roots in a host country, maintain strong homeland ties, and belong to religious and political movements that span the globe

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives, friends, or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Step Migration

a migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages... a common pattern is from a small town to larger town to a small city and finally to a large city

Guest Worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Counter Urbanization

The flow of urban residents leaving cities

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained, skilled and/or educated people from a country.

Gravity Model

the belief in the greater pull of larger communities and the assumption that more people are likely to migrate to larger towns/cities vs small towns/cities

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Net-out Migration

the difference between the number of people moving into an area (a country, state, or county, for example) and the number moving out.

Net-In Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year. When the number of immigrants is larger than the number of emigrants, a positive net migration rate occurs.