History Mao's china topic 4 social changes

what was life like for women in china before the 1950's reforms ???

- Subject to the four obedience's to their father husband and son in old age
-not allowed to own property
- 45.2% of males received education whereas only 2.2% of females received education

How did the 1950's marriage law change this ???

- Women received legal equality in society
-Divorces where not sanctioned when children where involved
However there was still some control
- Special clause for members of the PLA in order for their wife's to file for divorce
- 1.4 million divorces where filed in 1953

What where the impacts of the great leap forward for women???

- Communal kindergartens where established
- Communal canteens were created to alleviate the pressure on women to feed the family
However ...
-· Many mothers where appalled or frightened by the conditions in the kindergartens
· 90% of children got sick
- In Hunan many local factory bosses forced their staff to work naked
- During the great famine many women where forced into prostitution for food

what where some of the political changes for women???

- The women's association was established with 40,000 staff in 83 cities
- During the cultural revolution men and women wore the same Maoist uniform
- Women made up 8% of cadres in 1958 but by 1974 they made up 21%

what was education like in china post reform???

- Only 30% of males and 1% of females age 7 could read a letter
- 45.2% of males and only 2.2 % of females had received education

what where the changes put in place by the CCP to educate people???

- Between 1949 and 57 the amount of primary school students increased from 26 million to 64 million
- University enrolments increased from 117,000 to 441,000 in the early 1950s
- Pinin or simplified Chinese was created
but...
-· Educational reform still remained elitist
- Great leap lead to many children out of school to work the furnaces

How was education impacted by the cultural revolution???

- Cultural revolution's main focus was the reformation of china into a more revolutionary country
- Many young people where not sent back to school after the revolution
- Known as the lost generation

What was healthcare like before the communist revolution???

- 1920s-1930s reliant on traditional Chinese medicine
- used to not understand how illnesses and bacteria spread

How was healthcare reformed under the communists???

-Carders' where trained in order to train peasants in disease prevention methods
- 800 new western type hospitals where built
- Number of doctors trained in modern medicine rose from 40,000 in 1949 to 150,000 in 1965
- 1960s 25,000 new doctors where trained per year

what was the impact of the barefoot doctors in the developments of healthcare from the 1950's onward???

- Barefoot doctors where introduced in the antis campaigns of the 1950s
- Barefoot doctors were young people who received a 3 week flash course on the identification of diseases and illnesses in order to act as traveling doctors
- Barefoot doctors provided the best healthcare that rural peasants had experience

How where Chinese arts and culture impacted by the cultural revolution of 1964 ???

- Theatre was censored allowing for all theatre productions to display revisionist content
- Replaced traditional Chinese opera with a new revolutionary opera consisting of tales of the revolutionary hero's of China and encouraging communist ideology
- Dancers where sent to live with army units to improve the authenticity of performances
- Looked down on as it left little to no breaks for the Chinese people

To what extent was Jiang Quing involved in the cultural changes of the 1960s ???

·- 1966 launch of the four olds campaign (old Ideas, old culture ,old customs and old habits)
- Jiang Qing was named as the cultural tsarina and given full control over cultural changes
· Jiang Qing was made a key part of the gang of four as the 'cultural purifier' of the nation
- Jiang Qing was personally involved in the creation and development of new productions

How was old culture impacted by reforms???

- Confucianism was a philosophical ideals that was banned by the party
- Liu Shoqui was banned due to his connection with this ideology
- Ancestor worship and Chinese new year was discouraged and then condemned by the state
- Many aspects of the old culture managed to return after the death of Mao

How was Protestantism impacted by religious reforms???

- Protestant church: organised protestant church movement with three self principles
+ Self-ruling
+ Self-supporting
+ Self-propagating
- Allowed for more control pressures to cut ties to foreign leaders

How was Catholicism impacted by religious reforms???

- Catholic church: Vatican refused to open the patriotic church movement
- Catholic institutions where cruised and hospitals where accused of using human guinea pigs
- Number of catholic missionaries went from 3222 in 1951 by 1953 there where only 364 left

How was Islamism impacted by religious reforms???

- Islam: mosques where seized and schools where converted into barns for livestock
- Islamic association of China was established due to armed resistance to the CCP
-Xijang was declared as autonomous even though the curriculum was still controlled by the state

How was Buddhism impacted by religious reforms???

- Temples where converted into barracks ,schools and hospitals for wounded soldiers during Korean war
- 1950's agrarian reform meant that Buddhist land holdings where re-distributed
- Tibet was targeted in the 1958 anti-rightists campaign
- Temple lands where added to communes
- Dali lama fled to India

Religious changes overall

- During the cultural revolution monasteries of all religions where targeted and artifacts where destroyed
-many aspects of religion returned after the death of Mao