ICP Final

Ca

calcium

Ti

Titanium

Zn

Zinc

Hg

Mercury

Ne

Neon

Na

Sodium

K

Potassium

Fe

Iron

Cu

Copper

Ag

Silver

Sn

Tin

Sb

Antimony

Pb

Lead

W

Tungsten

Al

Aluminum

C

Carbon

Cl

Chlorine

H

Hydrogen

Mg

Magnesium

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

Si

Silicon

He

Helium

F

Fluorine

Br

Bromine

P

Phosphorus

S

Sulfur

I

Iodine

Au

Gold

Li

Lithium

Molecule

smallest particle of a compound (or gaseous element) that still has the chemical properties of that substance

Diatomic Elements

N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, H

Triatomic Element

Ozone (Oxygen)

Compounds

2 or more elements chemically combined

Octet rule

8 valence electrons

How do atoms achieve stability

Gain, lose, or share electrons

Metallic bonds

Sea of Valence e-

only metals

alloys

shiny, luster

able to conduct heat and electricity

Very high melting point

malleable and ductile

Ionic Compounds

Metal and nonmetal

cation attracted to ion

crystal or powder

3d lattice structure

brittle

high melting point

doesn’t conduct electricity

electrons are transferred

Covalent bond (molecular compound)

nonmetals only

between nuclei and a shared pair of e-

liquid or gas

low melting point

doesn’t conduct heat or electricity well

oxidation number

combining ability of an atom

number of e- that are shared or exchanged

transition metals and 14

elements with more than one oxidation number

polyatomic ion

a group of covalently bonded atoms that act together like one as a group

ammonium

nitrate

acetate

chlorate

hydroxide

sulfate

carbonate

phosphate

Synthesis reaction

2 or more simple substances combine to form 1 more complex substance

decomposition reaction

1 substance that breaks down into 2 or more simpler substances

single displacement reaction

an element displaces an element in a compound

wallflower example

double displacement reaction

the positive part of one compound combines with the negative part of another compound

AB+CD=AD+CB

aqueous solution

anything dissolved in water

solubility

ability to dissolve

motion is relative

it depends on where you are observing from

frame of reference

a point or object that you assume is not moving

earth

most common point of reference

scalar

quantity that has magnitude

vector

quantity that measures both magnitude AND direction

descriptors for motion

position

distance

displacement

speed

velocity

position (motion)

location of an object (described by reference point)

distance

length traveled or separation between 2 points (scalar quantity)

speed

how fast an object moves (time rate of change in position)(scalar)

velocity

speed in a given direction (vector)

acceleration

the time rate of change in velocity

forces

a push or pull that one object exerts on another object

net forces

combination of multiple forces

friction

force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching

gravity

the force of attraction between any 2 objects in the universe

Newton’s First Law

(Law Of Inertia) an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force

inertia

a physical property of matter that describes resistance to changes in motion

Newton’s Second Law

(Law of Acceleration) the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting upon it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object

freefall

the motion of an object when the only force acting on it is gravity

projectile

object that you throw or shoot

projectile shape

parabola

Newton’s third law

when one object exerts a force on a second object, then the second exerts an equal sized force in the opposite direction back on the first object

Law of conservation of momentum

momentum before the collision is the same as momentum after the collision

elastic collision

objects bounce off

work

a transfer of energy as a result of motion

must be in same direction

power

how fast the work is done

energy

the ability to do work and the ability to cause a change in itself or its environment

Kinetic energy (KE)

energy in the form of motion

Potential energy (PE)

energy due to position or condition

Thermal energy

total energy of the particles that make up a substance

temperature

average KE of the particles that make up a substance

Thermometer

tool filled with liquid that expands when heated

heat

transfer of energy from an object at a high temp to one at a low temp

Specific heat

amount of E needed to change the temp of a given mass of any substance

wave

a rhythmic disturbance that carries energy (not matter)

medium

the matter that the wave travels through

mechanical waves

must have a medium

electromagnetic waves

do not need a medium

transverse wave

the particles of a medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave

longitudinal/ compressional wave

the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave

wavelength

distance from a point on a wave to the same point on the next wave

amplitude

distance from rest position to crest or trough

frequency

number of waves to pass a point in one second

period

the time for 1 wave to pass a given point