Studied by 4 peopleT or F: Blood flow through all the arteries combined equals the blood flow through all the arterioles combined
True
T or F: the higher the resistance downstream, the higher the pressure upstream
true
Chronic aerobic exercise
a. decreases arterial compliance
b. increases arterial compliance
increases arterial compliance
Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
b. pressure in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
c. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
d. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
a. compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
d. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
what term means a vessel increased in diameter?
vasodilation
what term means a vessel decreased in diameter?
vasoconstriction
T or F: Blocking all the adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle would cause blood pressure to fall to levels unconducive to life.
true
Angiotensin II acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.
a. AT1
b. AT2
AT1
Sympathetic withdrawal generally causes
a. Vasoconstriction
b. Vasodilation
Vasodilation
Vasopressin acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.
a. V1
b. V2
V1
The vasoconstriction in the skin that occurs when you are cold is primarily due to
a. Endocrine factors
b. Local factors
c. Nervous factors
nervous factors
________________________ glands secrete to the outside of the body.
exocrine
T or F: The driving force for flow from the heart to the capillaries is the same as the driving force for flow from the capillaries back to the heart.
false
T or F: Venous valves are present in the large veins in the torso.
false
Given the following, what is the net filtration pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary = 25 mmHg Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium = normal
Oncotic pressure in the capillary = 30 mmHg
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium = 5 mmHg
0
In the above example, there would be
a. Net absorption
b. Net filtration
c. Neither filtration nor absorption
Neither filtration nor absorption
in most capillaries, everything in the plasma can pass through fenestrae into the interstitium except _________________________
PROTEINS
What word means transport of fluid across the cell in vesicles?
transcytosis
Which vessels can change their resistance the most?
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
venules
veins
arterioles
Which vessels determine the blood flow to a particular organ?
venules
veins
capillaries
arterioles
arteries
arterioles
The _______________________________, the greater the vascular tone.
higher the sacroplasmic sodium
lower the sarcoplasmic sodium
higher the sarcoplasmic calcium
lower the sarcoplasmic chloride
higher the sarcoplasmic potassium
lower the sarcoplasmic calcium
higher the sarcoplasmic chloride
lower the sarcoplasmic potassium
higher the sarcoplasmic calcium
Blood pressure is pulsatile in at least some (select all that apply)
arteries
veins
venules
arterioles
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
When compliance is higher (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure is lower
systolic pressure is higher
diastolic pressure is higher
mean arterial pressure is lower
mean arterial pressure is higher
systolic pressure is lower
diastolic pressure is higher
systolic pressure is lower
Which three organs or types of organs have the largest changes in metabolic rate?
spleen
heart
lymph nodes
kidneys
skeletal muscles
glands
liver
digestive tract organs
heart
skeletal muscle
glands
The myogenic response is most well developed in which four of the following organs or types of organs?
glands
spleen
digestive tract organs
skeletal muscle
kidneys
liver
lymph nodes
heart
spleen
digestive tract organs
kidneys
liver
Which adrenergic receptor in on post-synaptic vascular smooth muscle?
beta-1
beta-3
alpha-2
beta-2
alpha-1
alpha-1
What type of receptor is the vasopressin receptor on vascular smooth muscle?
Gq protein-coupled receptor
What type of receptor is the angiotensin II receptor on vascular smooth muscle?
Gq protein-coupled receptor
Resistance to blood flow is greater in the
veins
arteries
arteries
In normal physiology, filtration occurs out of
veins
arterioles
venules
arteries
capillaries
capillaries
The slowest blood flow is through
venules
arteries
veins
arterioles
capillaries
capillaries
Large proteins can pass through capillary fenestrae in
the liver
___________________ have valves that allow only one-way blood flow. (select all that apply)
venules
veins
arterioles
arteries
capillaries
veins
An increase in mean arterial pressure will ___________________ the frequency of action potentials in the baroreceptor afferents.
increase
decrease
increase
Sympathetic activity to venous smooth muscle causes
Venoconstriction and increased vascular compliance
Venodilation and decreased vascular compliance
Venodilation and increased vascular compliance
Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance
Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance
When total peripheral resistance changes it is because the total resistance in all the systemic ________________________ changed.
capillaries
veins
arterioles
arteries
venules
arterioles
At any given time, most of the blood in your body is in the
heart
systemic veins
systemic capillaries
systemic arterioles
pulmonary circulation
systemic arteries
systemic veins
Which of the following is the main controller of venous vascular tone?
circulating angiotensin II
endothelin-1 from endothelial cells
the sympathetic nervous system
nitric oxide from endothelial cells
prostacyclin from endothelial cells
circulating vasopressin
the sympathetic nervous system
T or F: Increasing heart rate without changing venous return would increase cardiac output.
false
Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the carotid sinus?
glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the aortic arch?
vagus nerve
Which nerve carries parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons to the heart?
vagus nerve
What is the primary cardiovascular variable that the body works to maintain constant?
mean arterial pressure
What is the name for the short-term negative feedback reflex that controls mean arterial pressure?
baroreceptor reflex
T or F: The compliance of the arteries is very volatile (changes often)
false
The higher the compliance of an elastic structure the
Higher the elastic recoil of the structure
Lower the elastic recoil of the structure
Lower the elastic recoil of the structure
After about 50 years of age, arterial compliance tends to
increase
decrease
decrease
The blood flow through one arteriole is _______ the flow through one artery
slower than
faster than
same as
slower than
When vascular smooth muscle contracts you get
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
Vasodilation can be triggered by
decreased osmolarity
increased osmolarity
Increased osmolarity
The myogenic response is part of (select all that apply)
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
response to injury
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
In which of the following mechanisms does a decrease in oxygen trigger vasodilation? (select all that apply)
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
response to injury
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
What type of receptor is the a1 adrenergic receptor?
Gi protein-coupled receptor
Gq protein-coupled receptor
Gs protein-coupled receptor
Ion-channel receptor
Gq protein-coupled receptor
Increasing the stretch on an arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell would tend to cause
increased calcium in the cell
decreased calcium in the cell
increased calcium in the cell
Which branch of the nervous system innervates the vasculature?
parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic
sympathetic
T or F: There is no sympathetic activity to the vasculature at rest
false
T or F: nitric oxide is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed
false
T or F: Prostacyclin is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed
true
T or F: the three primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can all cause vasoconstriction
true
T or F: Most capillaries have water-filled gaps between the endothelial cells
true
T or F: precapillary sphincters can contract enough to completely close-off a capillary
true
Precapillary sphincters contract when
Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low
Oxygen levels are low and metabolite levels are high
Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low
In most capillaries, nutrient, gas and waste product exchange across capillaries is primarily by
bulk flow
diffusion
mediated transport
vesicle transport
diffusion
The brain cannot limit the movement of ______ across capillary walls
hydrophilic substances
lipophilic substances
lipophilic substances
T or F: there is more than three times more interstitial fluid in the body than plasma in the body
true
The bulk flow of interstitial fluid into a capillary is called
absorption
filtration
absorption
Water moves from
High osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure
Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
Normally the protein concentration in the plasma is________ the protein concentration in the interstitial fluid
higher than
lower than
the same as
higher than
T or F: Normally, all of the fluid that filters out of the arterial side of a capillary is absorbed on the venous side
false
Which are more compliant?
arteries
veins
veins
T or F: The skeletal muscle pump only works in vein with valves
true
When muscles contract, the pressure in the veins that run through that muscle
decreases
increases
is not affected
increases
T or F: If some arterioles vasodilate and some vasoconstrict, mean arterial pressure may stay the same
true
Venous return increases with
inspiration
expiration
inspiration
T or F: venous return increases if you breathe deeper
true
Increasing heart rate tends to _______ stroke volume
decrease
not affect
increase
decrease
Vasodilation in some arterioles with no change in the rest of the arterioles will lead to _____ MAP
decreased
no change in
increased
decreased
Total pulmonary vascular resistance is ________ total peripheral resistance
less than
more than
the same as
less than
Increasing the hematocrit would tend to ______ MAP
decrease
increase
increase
Which of the following would increase following a decrease in mean arterial pressure? (select all that apply)
baroreceptor afferent firing rate
sympathetic activity
parasympathetic activity
sympathetic activity
A healthy, non-pregnant person has a ______ baroreceptor reflex gain
high
low
high
The baroreceptor reflex works to defend the
normal blood pressure
prevailing blood pressure
prevailing blood pressure
Low pressure baroreceptors are involved in________ reflexes
feed-forward
negative feedback
positive feedback
resetting the set-point
feed-forward
T or F: blood pressure should always be measure clinically at the level of the heart
true
T or F: when you are standing up, more fluids filters out of the blood vessels in your feet than in your hands
true
T or F: in a moderate aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced
false
T or F: blood flow to the brain increases during aerobic exercise
true
T or F: While on a long airline flight or car drive, it is important to contract the muscles in the legs occasionally to prevent blood clot formation.
true
Which of the following is elevated when you are standing compared to when you are lying down? (select all that apply)
Blood pressure at the level of the heart
Parasympathetic activity
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance
Venous compliance
Blood pressure at the level of the heart
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance
T or F: In a moderate aerobic exercise, arterioles to the intestines and kidney vasoconstrict.
true
T or F: In an intense aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced.
true
Which of the following variable would decrease in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
systolic pressure
none of these variable would decrease
heart rate
total peripheral resistance
venous return
stroke volume
total peripheral resistance
Which of the following variable would increase in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
systolic pressure
none of these variable would decrease
heart rate
total peripheral resistance
venous return
stroke volume
Heart rate
systolic pressure
venous return
stroke volume
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
What does the PQ interval tell you?
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
What does the QRS interval tell you?
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
What does the QT interval tell you?
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The length of the action potential in the atria
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
What does the RR interval tell you?
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The interval between beats
Diving in cold water should
increase heart rate
decrease heart rate
decrease heart rate
A deep inspiration should cause the mean electrical axis to_______________ because the apex of the heart has moved to the _________.
increase, left
decrease, left
increase, right
decrease, right
increase, right
The normal mean electrical axis of the heart is to the
right of the body
left of the body
left of the body
Note
Flashcard