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A&P EXAM 2
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110 Terms
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1
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T or F: Blood flow through all the arteries combined equals the blood flow through all the arterioles combined
True
2
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T or F: the higher the resistance downstream, the higher the pressure upstream
true
3
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Chronic aerobic exercise
a. decreases arterial compliance
b. increases arterial compliance
increases arterial compliance
4
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Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
b. pressure in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
c. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
d. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
a. compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
d. volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
5
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what term means a vessel increased in diameter?
vasodilation
6
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what term means a vessel decreased in diameter?
vasoconstriction
7
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T or F: Blocking all the adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle would cause blood pressure to fall to levels unconducive to life.
true
8
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Angiotensin II acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.
a. AT1
b. AT2
AT1
9
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Sympathetic withdrawal generally causes
a. Vasoconstriction
b. Vasodilation
Vasodilation
10
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Vasopressin acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.
a. V1
b. V2
V1
11
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The vasoconstriction in the skin that occurs when you are cold is primarily due to
a. Endocrine factors
b. Local factors
c. Nervous factors
nervous factors
12
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________________________ glands secrete to the outside of the body.
exocrine
13
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T or F: The driving force for flow from the heart to the capillaries is the same as the driving force for flow from the capillaries back to the heart.
false
14
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T or F: Venous valves are present in the large veins in the torso.
false
15
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Given the following, what is the net filtration pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary = 25 mmHg Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium = normal
Oncotic pressure in the capillary = 30 mmHg
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium = 5 mmHg
0
16
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In the above example, there would be
a. Net absorption
b. Net filtration
c. Neither filtration nor absorption
Neither filtration nor absorption
17
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in most capillaries, everything in the plasma can pass through fenestrae into the interstitium except _________________________
PROTEINS
18
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What word means transport of fluid across the cell in vesicles?
transcytosis
19
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Which vessels can change their resistance the most?
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
venules
veins
arterioles
20
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Which vessels determine the blood flow to a particular organ?
venules
veins
capillaries
arterioles
arteries
arterioles
21
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The _______________________________, the greater the vascular tone.
higher the sacroplasmic sodium
lower the sarcoplasmic sodium
higher the sarcoplasmic calcium
lower the sarcoplasmic chloride
higher the sarcoplasmic potassium
lower the sarcoplasmic calcium
higher the sarcoplasmic chloride
lower the sarcoplasmic potassium
higher the sarcoplasmic calcium
22
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Blood pressure is pulsatile in at least some (select all that apply)
arteries
veins
venules
arterioles
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
23
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When compliance is higher (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure is lower
systolic pressure is higher
diastolic pressure is higher
mean arterial pressure is lower
mean arterial pressure is higher
systolic pressure is lower
diastolic pressure is higher
systolic pressure is lower
24
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Which three organs or types of organs have the largest changes in metabolic rate?
spleen
heart
lymph nodes
kidneys
skeletal muscles
glands
liver
digestive tract organs
heart
skeletal muscle
glands
25
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The myogenic response is most well developed in which four of the following organs or types of organs?
glands
spleen
digestive tract organs
skeletal muscle
kidneys
liver
lymph nodes
heart
spleen
digestive tract organs
kidneys
liver
26
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Which adrenergic receptor in on post-synaptic vascular smooth muscle?
beta-1
beta-3
alpha-2
beta-2
alpha-1
alpha-1
27
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What type of receptor is the vasopressin receptor on vascular smooth muscle?
Gq protein-coupled receptor
28
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What type of receptor is the angiotensin II receptor on vascular smooth muscle?
Gq protein-coupled receptor
29
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Resistance to blood flow is greater in the
veins
arteries
arteries
30
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In normal physiology, filtration occurs out of
veins
arterioles
venules
arteries
capillaries
capillaries
31
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The slowest blood flow is through
venules
arteries
veins
arterioles
capillaries
capillaries
32
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Large proteins can pass through capillary fenestrae in
the liver
33
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___________________ have valves that allow only one-way blood flow. (select all that apply)
venules
veins
arterioles
arteries
capillaries
veins
34
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An increase in mean arterial pressure will ___________________ the frequency of action potentials in the baroreceptor afferents.
increase
decrease
increase
35
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Sympathetic activity to venous smooth muscle causes
Venoconstriction and increased vascular compliance
Venodilation and decreased vascular compliance
Venodilation and increased vascular compliance
Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance
Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance
36
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When total peripheral resistance changes it is because the total resistance in all the systemic ________________________ changed.
capillaries
veins
arterioles
arteries
venules
arterioles
37
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At any given time, most of the blood in your body is in the
heart
systemic veins
systemic capillaries
systemic arterioles
pulmonary circulation
systemic arteries
systemic veins
38
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Which of the following is the main controller of venous vascular tone?
circulating angiotensin II
endothelin-1 from endothelial cells
the sympathetic nervous system
nitric oxide from endothelial cells
prostacyclin from endothelial cells
circulating vasopressin
the sympathetic nervous system
39
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T or F: Increasing heart rate without changing venous return would increase cardiac output.
false
40
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Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the carotid sinus?
glossopharyngeal nerve
41
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Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the aortic arch?
vagus nerve
42
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Which nerve carries parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons to the heart?
vagus nerve
43
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What is the primary cardiovascular variable that the body works to maintain constant?
mean arterial pressure
44
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What is the name for the short-term negative feedback reflex that controls mean arterial pressure?
baroreceptor reflex
45
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T or F: The compliance of the arteries is very volatile (changes often)
false
46
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The higher the compliance of an elastic structure the
Higher the elastic recoil of the structure
Lower the elastic recoil of the structure
Lower the elastic recoil of the structure
47
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After about 50 years of age, arterial compliance tends to
increase
decrease
decrease
48
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The blood flow through one arteriole is _______ the flow through one artery
slower than
faster than
same as
slower than
49
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When vascular smooth muscle contracts you get
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
50
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Vasodilation can be triggered by
decreased osmolarity
increased osmolarity
Increased osmolarity
51
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The myogenic response is part of (select all that apply)
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
response to injury
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
52
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In which of the following mechanisms does a decrease in oxygen trigger vasodilation? (select all that apply)
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
response to injury
active hyperemia
flow autoregulation
reactive hyperemia
53
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What type of receptor is the a1 adrenergic receptor?
Gi protein-coupled receptor
Gq protein-coupled receptor
Gs protein-coupled receptor
Ion-channel receptor
Gq protein-coupled receptor
54
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Increasing the stretch on an arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell would tend to cause
increased calcium in the cell
decreased calcium in the cell
increased calcium in the cell
55
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Which branch of the nervous system innervates the vasculature?
parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic
sympathetic
56
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T or F: There is no sympathetic activity to the vasculature at rest
false
57
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T or F: nitric oxide is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed
false
58
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T or F: Prostacyclin is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed
true
59
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T or F: the three primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can all cause vasoconstriction
true
60
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T or F: Most capillaries have water-filled gaps between the endothelial cells
true
61
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T or F: precapillary sphincters can contract enough to completely close-off a capillary
true
62
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Precapillary sphincters contract when
Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low
Oxygen levels are low and metabolite levels are high
Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low
63
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In most capillaries, nutrient, gas and waste product exchange across capillaries is primarily by
bulk flow
diffusion
mediated transport
vesicle transport
diffusion
64
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The brain cannot limit the movement of ______ across capillary walls
hydrophilic substances
lipophilic substances
lipophilic substances
65
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T or F: there is more than three times more interstitial fluid in the body than plasma in the body
true
66
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The bulk flow of interstitial fluid into a capillary is called
absorption
filtration
absorption
67
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Water moves from
High osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure
Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
68
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Normally the protein concentration in the plasma is________ the protein concentration in the interstitial fluid
higher than
lower than
the same as
higher than
69
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T or F: Normally, all of the fluid that filters out of the arterial side of a capillary is absorbed on the venous side
false
70
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Which are more compliant?
arteries
veins
veins
71
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T or F: The skeletal muscle pump only works in vein with valves
true
72
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When muscles contract, the pressure in the veins that run through that muscle
decreases
increases
is not affected
increases
73
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T or F: If some arterioles vasodilate and some vasoconstrict, mean arterial pressure may stay the same
true
74
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Venous return increases with
inspiration
expiration
inspiration
75
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T or F: venous return increases if you breathe deeper
true
76
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Increasing heart rate tends to _______ stroke volume
decrease
not affect
increase
decrease
77
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Vasodilation in some arterioles with no change in the rest of the arterioles will lead to _____ MAP
decreased
no change in
increased
decreased
78
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Total pulmonary vascular resistance is ________ total peripheral resistance
less than
more than
the same as
less than
79
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Increasing the hematocrit would tend to ______ MAP
decrease
increase
increase
80
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Which of the following would increase following a decrease in mean arterial pressure? (select all that apply)
baroreceptor afferent firing rate
sympathetic activity
parasympathetic activity
sympathetic activity
81
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A healthy, non-pregnant person has a ______ baroreceptor reflex gain
high
low
high
82
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The baroreceptor reflex works to defend the
normal blood pressure
prevailing blood pressure
prevailing blood pressure
83
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Low pressure baroreceptors are involved in________ reflexes
feed-forward
negative feedback
positive feedback
resetting the set-point
feed-forward
84
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T or F: blood pressure should always be measure clinically at the level of the heart
true
85
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T or F: when you are standing up, more fluids filters out of the blood vessels in your feet than in your hands
true
86
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T or F: in a moderate aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced
false
87
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T or F: blood flow to the brain increases during aerobic exercise
true
88
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T or F: While on a long airline flight or car drive, it is important to contract the muscles in the legs occasionally to prevent blood clot formation.
true
89
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Which of the following is elevated when you are standing compared to when you are lying down? (select all that apply)
Blood pressure at the level of the heart
Parasympathetic activity
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance
Venous compliance
Blood pressure at the level of the heart
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance
90
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T or F: In a moderate aerobic exercise, arterioles to the intestines and kidney vasoconstrict.
true
91
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T or F: In an intense aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced.
true
92
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Which of the following variable would decrease in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
systolic pressure
none of these variable would decrease
heart rate
total peripheral resistance
venous return
stroke volume
total peripheral resistance
93
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Which of the following variable would increase in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)
diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
systolic pressure
none of these variable would decrease
heart rate
total peripheral resistance
venous return
stroke volume
Heart rate
systolic pressure
venous return
stroke volume
mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
94
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What does the PQ interval tell you?
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
95
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What does the QRS interval tell you?
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
96
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What does the QT interval tell you?
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The length of the action potential in the atria
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
97
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What does the RR interval tell you?
The interval between beats
The length of the action potential in the atria
The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
The length of the action potential in the ventricle
The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
The interval between beats
98
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Diving in cold water should
increase heart rate
decrease heart rate
decrease heart rate
99
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A deep inspiration should cause the mean electrical axis to_______________ because the apex of the heart has moved to the _________.
increase, left
decrease, left
increase, right
decrease, right
increase, right
100
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The normal mean electrical axis of the heart is to the
right of the body
left of the body
left of the body
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