ICEV respiratory system

airways, lungs, respiratory muscles

the respiratory system consists of these 3 things…

ventilation

the act of supplying fresh air

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, lobules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli

order of air through the respiratory system

external nostrils

where the nose opens to the outside

internal nostrils

where the nose opens to the pharynx

nasal septum

divides the nasal cavity into the left and right halves

pharynx

funnel-shaped tube in the throat that starts at the internal nostrils and extends to the larynx

tonsils

pieces of tissue in the pharynx that help to eliminate foreign particles

nasopharynx

part of the pharynx that connects to the nose

oropharynx

part of the pharynx that lies in the back of the throat

laryngopharynx

part of the pharynx that connects the esophagus to the larynx

larynx (voice box)

short passage that connects the pharynx and the trachea

epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid membrane, thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple), cricoid cartilage, vocal cords

components of the larynx

trachea

tubular passage that extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae

16 to 20

how many cartilage rings are in the trachea?

carina

endpoint for the trachea, an internal ridge that divides it into the left and right bronchi

bronchi

large air tubes that convey air to lungs

lungs

pair of cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

pleural membrane

encloses and protects the lungs

parietal pleura

layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

deep layer that covers the lungs

lobules

small compartments associated with a segment of the lungs

terminal bronchioles, microscopic respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts that are surrounded by alveoli

how do lobules divide?

alveoli

bring new O2 from the air into the blood stream as well as performing gas exchange

red blood cells

what helps alveoli do oxygenation?

emphysema

long term, progressive lung disease that primarily causes shortness of breath

lung tissues that support the lung’s physical shape and function

what is destroyed in emphysema?

cigarette smoking

causes of emphysema

they can’t hold their shape properly during expiration

what happens to the bronchioles during emphysema?

medications, surgery, transplantation

treatments for emphysema

asthma

chronic airway disease that involves the inside walls of your airways being swollen due to an irritant

medication, inhalers

treatments for asthma

lung cancer

disease in which tissue in the lung grows out of control

removal of affected area, chemotherapy

treatment of lung cancer

pneumonia

illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli become inflamed and flooded with fluid

bacterial infection, viruses, fungi/parasites, chemical/physical lung injury

causes of pneumonia

according to cause (ex. antibiotics if bacterial)

treatment of pneumonia

tuberculosis

common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacterium

through the air, from one person to another

how is tuberculosis spread?

skin test: placing a small amount of a substance under the skin and determining if it grows a bump

how is tuberculosis found?

medication

how is tuberculosis treated?

hypercapnia

condition in which there is too much CO2 in the blood

hypoventilation, lung disease, diminished consciousness, exposure to CO2 infested environments, rebreathing exhaled CO2

what causes hypercapnia?

3

respiratory disease is the #__ killer in the united states

more than 15 million

how many Americans have COPD?

25 million

how many Americans have asthma?

>155k

how many Americans die from lung cancer yearly?

cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited disorder affecting the cells that produce mucus and digestive fluids

lungs and pancreas

what passageways are clogged by CF mucus?

dyspnea, cough, wheezing, congestion, upper respiratory/lung infections, progressive damage to the systema

respiratory problems that can be caused by CF

bronchiecstasis

chronic condition that causes inflammation and infection in bronchi walls

coughing up yellow/green mucus, shortness of breath, feeling run down or tired, fever, wheezing while breathing

symptoms of bronchiectasis

anthracosis

lung condition caused by long-term inhalation of coal dust and/or air pollution

dyspnea and/or cough, black discoloration of mucus in bronchial tubes

anthracosis symptoms

mesothelioma

form of malignant cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos

12-21 months after diagnosis

life expectancy of mesothelioma

shortness of breath, fatigue, persistent cough, fever, chest pain, weight loss

symptoms of mesothelioma

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

rare condition which can occur in a premature infant if the lungs haven’t fully matured

cyanosis, hypoxia

symptoms of RDS

hypoxia

deficient amounts of O2 in the blood tissues

cyanosis

O2 deficiency in the blood causing the skin and fingernails to be slightly bluish or grayish

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

most common cause of bronchitis and pneumonia among infants

fever, runny nose, cough, occasional wheezing

symptoms of RSV

touch, air following a sneeze/cough of someone with the virus

RSV is contagious through…

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

unexplained death, usually during sleep, of infants less than 1 year old

brain defects, low birth weight, respiratory infections

physical factors causing SIDS

sleeping on stomach/side, soft surface sleeping, sharing a bed with someone else

environmental factors causing SIDS

sarcoidosis

growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells on any part of the body

persistent dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain

symptoms of sarcoidosis

pertussis

acute, highly contagious respiratory infection

low grade fever, whooping cough followed by vomiting (sometimes during) and exhaustion

symptoms of pertussis

infection by Bordetella pertussis bacteria

cause of pertussis

croup

obstruction of the larynx usually caused by a viral infection like the flu

loud cough, fever, hoarse voice, dyspnea

symptoms of croup

rhinovirus

subgroup of viruses that cause the common cold

sore throat, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, headaches, body aches

symptoms of rhinovirus

touch, air following a sneeze/cough of a carrier

how is rhinovirus contagious?

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus much like the common cold

fever, chills, muscle aches, shortness of breath

symptoms of SARS

influenza

viral infection that attacks the respiratory system

fever, aching muscles, chills/sweats, headache

symptoms of the flu

pneumonia

lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

bacterial

most common type of pneumonia

inflammation/fluid accumulation in alveoli

what causes pneumonia symptoms?

cough w/phlegm, dyspnea, fever/sweating/chills, chest pain

symptoms of pneumonia

Legionnaires’ Disease

rare, severe form of pneumonia

headache, muscle pain, chills, >104º fever

symptoms of Legionnaires’

lung inflammation b/c of inhaling legionella pneumophila (bacteria)

cause of Legionnaires’

mycobacterium tuberculosis

what bacterium causes TB?

>3wk cough, coughing up blood, chills, chest pain, losing appetite, fatigue, night sweats, fever

symptoms of TB

bacteria spreads through microscopic droplets released into the air

what causes TB?

strep throat

bacterial infection that causes the throat to feel sore and scratchy

throat pain, painful swallowing, red/swollen tonsils/lymph nodes, fever, headache, body aches

symptoms of strep throat

laryngitis

inflammation of the voice box

hoarseness, weak voice, voice loss, sore/dry throat, dry cough

symptoms of laryngitis

voice overuse, irritation, infection

causes of laryngitis

upper respiratory infection (URI)

nonspecific term for acute infections which inflame the nose and throat membranes

sinusitis

inflammation of the nasal sinuses

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

sinusitis, pharyngitis

what 2 diseases are URIs?