Anatomy Midterm Study Guide

study of the structure of an organism

study of the structure of an organism

anatomy

study of the function of an organism’s anatomy

physiology

what are the levels of organization

1. atoms

2. molecular

3. cells

4. tissues

5. organs

6. organ system

7. organism

stuff that can be studied with the naked eye

gross/macroscopic anatomy

stuff that has to be studied with a microscope

microscopic anatomy

6 important life processes

1. metabolism

2. movement

3. responsiveness

4. growth

5. reproduction

6. differentiation

life depends on what environmental factors

1. water

2. food

3. oxygen

4. heat

5. pressure

required for temperature regulation, movement of nutrients, and metabolic processes

water

provides the body with nutrients and energy

food

promotes the release of energy from food and required for breathing

oxygen

helps with metabolic processes and is an energy form

heat

atmospheric pressure for breathing and hydrostatic pressure for blood pressure

pressure

steps to maintain homeostasis

1. receptor to monitor the change

2. control center to evaluate receptor’s input and send impulses

3. effector to receive info and activate the change

facing down and laying on your stomach

prone position

facing up and laying on your spine

supine position

contains the brain

cranial cavity

contains the spinal cord

vertebral canal

contains the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

ventral cavity

contains the heart and lungs

thoracic cavity

contains the stomach intestines and reproductive organs

abdominopelvic cavity

serous membrane that lines cavity wall

parietal layer

serous membrane that covers an organ

visceral layer

this tissue provides protective covering and functions in absorption/secretion

epithelial

this tissue supports body parts through stabilization and binds structures together

connective

this tissue supports body movements and the skeletal structure

muscle

reverses changes in a controlled condition with one feedback loop

negative feedback

increases changes in one of the body’s controlled conditions

positive feedback

above another body part of towards the head

superior

below another body part ir towards the feet

inferior

towards the front

anterior/ventral

towards the back

posterior/dorsal

closer to the point of attachment of a limb

proximal

farther from the point of attachment of a limb

distal

imaginary line diviidng the body into equal right/left halves

median/midline

located on the same side of the body

ipsilateral

located on opposite sides of the body

contralateral

located near the surface

superficial

located away from the surface in a more internal position

deep

located outward, near the surface, used todescribe locations of certain blood vessels and nerves

peripheral

cut that divides the body into right and left

sagittal section

cut that divides the body into equal halves at the midline

midsagittal

cut which divides the body into unequal halves lateral to the midline

parasagittal

cut that divides the body into superior and inferior positions

transverse/horizontal

cut which divides the body into anterior and posterior positions

frontal/coronal

cut across a short axis of a cylindrical organ

cross section

cut at an angle through a cylindrical organ

oblique section

cut along the long axis of a cylindrical organ

longitudinal section

what are some general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

covers body/organs, forms glands, lines body cavities, avascular, always have a free surface and basement membrane

junctions between adjacent cells

desmosomes

single layer flat cells, nutrients cross barrier easily, makes up air sacs and blood vessels

simple squamous

single layer cubed cells, lines kidney tubules, lines ducts to glands, secrete and reabsorb molecules

simple cuboidal

single layer column cells, nuclei near basement membrane, contains goblet cells that produce/secrete mucus, lines intestines and stomach to absorb nutrients, contains cilia/microvili

simple columnar

column cells that appear multilayered, nuclei at two or more levels, can have cilia/goblet cells, respiratory lining and nasal passage

pseudostratified columnar

multilayered flat cells, top cells are flat and then round towards the bottom, outer layer of skin, protects against abrasion, lines cavities that open to the outside

stratified squamous

multilayered cubed cells, 2-3 layers of cells, mammary/saliva/sweat glands, secretes water and ions

stratified cuboidal

cheek region

buccal

armpit region

axillary

multilayered column cells, lines male urethra and pharynx, secretes mucus

stratified columnar

tissue that goes through repeated cucles of stretching without damage, for example the bladder

transitional

made of specialized substances that secrete something

glandular epithelium

glands that ductless, ex: hormones

endocrine glands

glands that have ducts and push things out

exocrine glands

fluid products released without damage

merocrine glands

scented glands, like armpit and groin, cells decapitate when products are released

apocrine glands

secretory products that are whole cells, “hollow” when released

holocrine glands

what are some general characteristics of connective tissue?

most abundant and diverse tissue type, varies in vascularization, cells usually divide

has similar characteristics with all tissues

ex: cartilage, elastic tissue, fibrous tissue

connective tissue proper

tissues that vary in chracteristics

ex: adipose, blood, bone

specialized connective tissue

most common connective tissue cell type, fixed cells, produce connective fibers, large and star shaped

fibroblasts

fixed connective cell tissue, release heparine or histamines, antibodies, destroy invading microorganisms

mast cells

thick, long, straight, unbranched fibers, hold structures together, found in dermis, helps make up tendons and ligaments

collagen fibers

wavy and branched fibers, found in vocal cords, can stretch but returns to origional shape with no damage

elastic fibers

super thin fibers, interwoven framework, highly branched, in lymph nodes, forms a supportive network

reticular fibers

mainly made of fibroblasts with collagen and elastic tissue, beneath epithelial so it can bind the skin to deeper structures, provides support and cushion, provides epithelium with nourishment, anchors blood vessels and nerves

loose connective tissue/areolar tissue

fat cells, made up of adipocytes, cushions and insulates, energy storage

adipose

composed of reticular fibers, support structure for organs, found in liver and spleen

reticular connective tissue

connective tissue that is dense, strong, able to resist tension, makes up tendons and ligaments, capsule around organs, lines joint cavities, poor blood supply

dense connective tissue

majority elastic fibers with some collagen and fibroblasts, forms attachment between bones, lines walls of airway/heart, ability to stretch without damage and return to original size

elastic connective tissue

chondrocytes with a rigid matrix, poor blood supply, shock absorption

cartilage

cartilage that is most abundant, solid gel matrix that resembles white glass, located at the ends of all bones

hyaline cartilage

cartilage that is flexible, extremelly resilliant, composes external ear and larynx

elastic cartilage

cartilage with very tough collagenous fibers, shock absorber, makes up verterbral disc and pubic symphasis

fibrocartilage

muscles cells

muscle fibers

muscle tissue that is striated, makes up voluntary movement, located anywhere that attaches to bone

skeletal muscle

muscle tissue that is non-striated, makes up involuntary movement where nervous system isn’t necessary, makes up digestive organs

smooth muscle

muscle tissue that is striated, makes up involuntary movement, muscle fibers are branched, cells attached by intercalated discs, needs signals from nervous sytem to maintain blood pressure

cardiac muscle

basic cells of nervous tissue

neurons

part of neuron that receives a signal

dendrite

part of neuron that houses the nucleus

cell body

part of the neuron that the signal travels down

axon terminal

epithelial membrane that lines body cavities internally and covers organs, made of simple epithelium and connecetive tissues

ex: visceral, parietal, pericardium

serous membranes

epithelial membrane that is open to the external environment, lines tubes and openings

mucus membrane

epithelial membrane that is completly external, such as the skin, made of stratified squamous and connective tissues, thick and somewhat waterproof

cutaneous membrane

connective tissue membrane that located between bones, in joint cavities, made entirely of connective tissue, contains synovial fluid that reduces friction

synovial membrane

what are the general charcteristics of the integumentary system?

protective barrier, maintains homeostasis, prevents water loss, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes chemicals

what are the main functions of the integumentary system

protection, water barrier, regulates body temperature, sensory reception, waste elimination

tough protein that adds structural strength

keratin

what are the main characteristics of the epidermis

outermost layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, keratinzed (has proteins)

create immune responses to foreign bacteria/viruses

epidermal dendritic cells

touch receptors

merkel cells