CMN 326 Final

Functionality (Music motivations)

intentional use of music to accomplish specific goals in specific situations

U&G Perspective of Music

\-appeals to emotions

\-fill silence/background noise

\-define self or facilitate entry into group

Devotee (type of online listener)

active, strong interest in activity, few social ties

insiders (types of online listeners)

strong personal interest and social ties

tourists (type of online listeners)

no interest or social ties

minglers (type of online listeners)

no interest but strong social ties

types of online listeners

devotees

insiders

tourists

minglers

stan

\-combination of stalker and fan

\-devoted follower of a celeb

\-influence celebs and their decisions

concerns of stan culture

\-Group think

\-cyberbullying

\-privacy

\-obsession

Music video concerns

\-promotion of drug use

\-anti-social content

\-sexualization and sex

\-body image

anti social content

\-violence

\-body image

\-drugs

\-misogyny

effects of sexualized content

\-increased objectification

\-acceptance of interpersonal violence

\-acceptance of token resistance

\-disbelief in legitimacy of sexual harassment

body image

\- identification with media characters

\-social comparison

\-body satisfaction

music therapy

\-decreases depression, anxiety, dementia, sleep disorders

4 elements of hip hop

rapping

DJing

break dancing

graffiti

music video formatting

storytelling relies on shortcuts (heuristics) and cultural stereotypes (schemata)

schema

pattern or thought of behavior that organizes categories of info

effects of rap music videos

binge drinking

marijuana

negative body image

multiple sexual partners

hedonic perspective of media consumption

\-consumption of media entertainment in pursuit of pleasure or amusement

eduaemonic perspective

consumption of media entertainment in search for and to ponder lifes meaning truths and purposes

people who watch TV horror for

entertainment report more positive and negative affect

escape report more cognitive involvement and negative affect

relax report more positive affect

true crime

non fiction investigation into real people, events, and/or crimes

true crime narratives

predator: typically white, middle-aged male

victim: typically a white female with a clean past who appeals to societal beauty standards

hard news

news that treats issue as an ongoing concern and reports events that have occurred within past 24 hrs

soft news

news that touches on human concerns. reports are less tied to time and place

4 characteristics of satire

aggression, play, laughter, judgement

characteristics of violent content in video games

\-high rates of violence in video games

\-children’s content has more than adults’

\-violence includes socially sanctioned and illegal

\-violence can also include verbal aggression

racial content ( children)

\-almost all heroes are white

\-no latina characters

black characters unaffected by pain or physical suffering

\-asians associated w martial arts

racial content (adults)

\-non white characters associated w athleticism

\-non white portrayed as more violent

\-white characters engaged in socially sanctioned violence

men in video games

* 85% characters are male
* bigger chest, waist and hips
* hypermasculine characters found mroe in children’s content

women in video games

* smaller chest, waist and hips
* minimal clothing

videogame motivations

* competence
* autonomy
* relatedness
* mastery of controls

competence

video game structure

autonomy

we like freedom of choice

relatedness

social interaction central

mastery of controls

learned ability to effortlessly perform actions in games

feedback and reaction time

hand-eye coordination

video game effects

more aggressive cognitions

more aggressive affect

more aggressive behaviors

difficulties with studying video game violence

\-poor aggression operationalization

\-confounding variables

\-publication bias

\-small effect size

catharsis

video games provide an outlet for aggression

video games and pro social content impacts

\-increased helping

\-decreased aggression

\-increased positive affect

\-accessibility of pro-social thoughts

avatars

self presentations that facilitate interactions in mediated spaces

identity cue

info abt an individuals traits

proteus affect

ppl conform in behavior and attitude to their avatars characteristics

why do we care about avatars?

\-pro social content

\-health content

\-anti social content

hashjacking

co-opting a dedicated hashtag to promote opposing or irrelevant stance

influencer

someone who posts to social media in exchange for compensation

effects of influencers

* intentions to interact
* intentions to recommend
* intentions to follow advice

political effects of influencers

\-influencers simplify politics

\-political interest (agenda setting)

\-political cynicism - distrust toward political institutions

cancel culture

* derived from black twitter
* a form of public boycotting against out of reach figures
* tool for marginalized groups to speak out against immorality and inequality

slacktivism

all bark, no bite

predictions of news effects

\-news coverage emphasizes elements of reality

\-news coverage encourages audiences to consider these emphasized elements as applicable and important

\-news coverage influences how audiences process reality

news frames and techniques

* metaphors
* images
* cost v reward
* episodic v thematic

Episodic

highlights personal experiences

thematic

highlights larger social, political, or economic context

impacts of news frames

issue interpretations

causal interpretations

treatment recommendationa

issue interpretations

audience perception of issues, event, or policy

causal interpretations

audience perception of who or what should be held accountable

treatment recommendations

audience perception of how to fix an issue

what gets heavy coverage on the news about political campaigns?

* major announcements
* mistakes
* responses to speeches
* candidate meeting with important people
* horse race

appeals in political ads

\-fear

\-patriotism

\-family/affiliation

\-testimonials

Social media characteristics

construct profiles

express connections with other users

view connections made by other users

curation

the production, selection, and filtering of news content on social media

5 types of curation

journalistic

strategic

personal

social algorithmic

facebook algorithm

politically interested users report their friends post a lot of polktical content, facebook categorizes these people as politically interested, facebook exposes the politically interested to political content

echo chambers

environment where all info or opinions encountered are the same

* create distorted perception of reality
* potential hotbed for misinfo

confirmation bias

we find evidence that agrees with our pre existing beliefs

how to avoid echo chambers

check multiple sources/triangulate

get exposure to alternative perspective

realize your own biases

opinion leaders

individuals with excess social authority for judging or disseminating info

can combat or propagate misinfo

violence

behavior intended to cause physical harm or pain to another individual

blue collar crime

stereotypical crime

drugs

theft

violence

overreported

white collar crime

non-violent crimes

* corruption
* fraud
* money laundering
* under reported

property crime

taking money or property

violent crime

homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault

fairness doctrine

media must present both sides of an issue equally, regardless of credibility

what inspires fear in young children?

monsters

what inspires fear in elementary school

physical violence

what inspired fear in older children?

abstract concepts (pandemic, nuclear war)

how do young children respond to fear?

physical disengagement (closing eyes)

how do elementary kids respond to fear?

cognitively respond (thats not real)

issues with measuing fear

social desirability

inaccurate self reports

physiological measures imprecise

modeling impacts

training violent reactions

sensitization: pain, fear, disgust

desensitization: relaxed, entertained, comfy

desensitization

gradual reduction in responsiveness to arousal eliciting stimuli as a function of repeated exposure

cultivation- mean world syndrome

* cognitive bias from repeated exposure to violence
* perception the world is more dangerous than it truly is

reinforcement of violence

classical conditioning

violence as a solution to issues

repeated violence = desensitization

fits with social cognitive theory

viewer personalities

disposition to violence

emotional arousal levels

who watches violent content?

sensation seekers

empaths

erotica

literary or artistic works with themes of sex and romance

pornography

media content designed with the primary and often exclusive goal of enhancing and eliciting the sexual arousal of viewers

sexual content in media PRIMETIME

increased amount over time

sexual talk is more common than sexual behavior

sexual behavior is more frequent between unmarried than married adults

sexual content in media SOAP OPERAS

contain the most sexual content

more sexual behavior than sexual talk

sexual content in media FILMS

glorify promiscuous behavior and demonize virginity

rarely show safe sex behaviors and comm

consequences tend to be social in nature

effects of sexual content

teaching new behaviors

disinhibition of known behaviors

sex crimes

miller test

does the averge person fidn the matter appeals to be prurient interests?

does the average person find the matter depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way?

does the average person find the matter lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value?

MPAA Film Trailer Ratings

green band: approved for all audiences

yellow band: internet only trailers approved for age appropriate audiences

red band: approved for restricted audiences, only shown before R films

issues with rating system

inequities

vagueness

inconsistencies

trigger hypothesis

exposure will provoke sex crimes

safety valve theory

exposure will satisfy urges to commit sex crimes

concerns with studying porn

informed consent

courtesy stigma

negative exposure effects

legal/financial

logistical

use of porn

sexual enhancement

diversion

substitution

release

affects of porn

arousal

early age of sexual encounter

violent porn exposure=can lead to more sexual aggression

attitudes/beliefs

* frequency of sex acts
* porn v reality
* violent porn consumption is related to rape myth acceptance