Studied by 2 peopleFunctionality (Music motivations)
intentional use of music to accomplish specific goals in specific situations
U&G Perspective of Music
-appeals to emotions
-fill silence/background noise
-define self or facilitate entry into group
Devotee (type of online listener)
active, strong interest in activity, few social ties
insiders (types of online listeners)
strong personal interest and social ties
tourists (type of online listeners)
no interest or social ties
minglers (type of online listeners)
no interest but strong social ties
types of online listeners
devotees
insiders
tourists
minglers
stan
-combination of stalker and fan
-devoted follower of a celeb
-influence celebs and their decisions
concerns of stan culture
-Group think
-cyberbullying
-privacy
-obsession
Music video concerns
-promotion of drug use
-anti-social content
-sexualization and sex
-body image
anti social content
-violence
-body image
-drugs
-misogyny
effects of sexualized content
-increased objectification
-acceptance of interpersonal violence
-acceptance of token resistance
-disbelief in legitimacy of sexual harassment
body image
- identification with media characters
-social comparison
-body satisfaction
music therapy
-decreases depression, anxiety, dementia, sleep disorders
4 elements of hip hop
rapping
DJing
break dancing
graffiti
music video formatting
storytelling relies on shortcuts (heuristics) and cultural stereotypes (schemata)
schema
pattern or thought of behavior that organizes categories of info
effects of rap music videos
binge drinking
marijuana
negative body image
multiple sexual partners
hedonic perspective of media consumption
-consumption of media entertainment in pursuit of pleasure or amusement
eduaemonic perspective
consumption of media entertainment in search for and to ponder lifes meaning truths and purposes
people who watch TV horror for
entertainment report more positive and negative affect
escape report more cognitive involvement and negative affect
relax report more positive affect
true crime
non fiction investigation into real people, events, and/or crimes
true crime narratives
predator: typically white, middle-aged male
victim: typically a white female with a clean past who appeals to societal beauty standards
hard news
news that treats issue as an ongoing concern and reports events that have occurred within past 24 hrs
soft news
news that touches on human concerns. reports are less tied to time and place
4 characteristics of satire
aggression, play, laughter, judgement
characteristics of violent content in video games
-high rates of violence in video games
-children’s content has more than adults’
-violence includes socially sanctioned and illegal
-violence can also include verbal aggression
racial content ( children)
-almost all heroes are white
-no latina characters
black characters unaffected by pain or physical suffering
-asians associated w martial arts
racial content (adults)
-non white characters associated w athleticism
-non white portrayed as more violent
-white characters engaged in socially sanctioned violence
men in video games
85% characters are male
bigger chest, waist and hips
hypermasculine characters found mroe in children’s content
women in video games
smaller chest, waist and hips
minimal clothing
videogame motivations
competence
autonomy
relatedness
mastery of controls
competence
video game structure
autonomy
we like freedom of choice
relatedness
social interaction central
mastery of controls
learned ability to effortlessly perform actions in games
feedback and reaction time
hand-eye coordination
video game effects
more aggressive cognitions
more aggressive affect
more aggressive behaviors
difficulties with studying video game violence
-poor aggression operationalization
-confounding variables
-publication bias
-small effect size
catharsis
video games provide an outlet for aggression
video games and pro social content impacts
-increased helping
-decreased aggression
-increased positive affect
-accessibility of pro-social thoughts
avatars
self presentations that facilitate interactions in mediated spaces
identity cue
info abt an individuals traits
proteus affect
ppl conform in behavior and attitude to their avatars characteristics
why do we care about avatars?
-pro social content
-health content
-anti social content
hashjacking
co-opting a dedicated hashtag to promote opposing or irrelevant stance
influencer
someone who posts to social media in exchange for compensation
effects of influencers
intentions to interact
intentions to recommend
intentions to follow advice
political effects of influencers
-influencers simplify politics
-political interest (agenda setting)
-political cynicism - distrust toward political institutions
cancel culture
derived from black twitter
a form of public boycotting against out of reach figures
tool for marginalized groups to speak out against immorality and inequality
slacktivism
all bark, no bite
predictions of news effects
-news coverage emphasizes elements of reality
-news coverage encourages audiences to consider these emphasized elements as applicable and important
-news coverage influences how audiences process reality
news frames and techniques
metaphors
images
cost v reward
episodic v thematic
Episodic
highlights personal experiences
thematic
highlights larger social, political, or economic context
impacts of news frames
issue interpretations
causal interpretations
treatment recommendationa
issue interpretations
audience perception of issues, event, or policy
causal interpretations
audience perception of who or what should be held accountable
treatment recommendations
audience perception of how to fix an issue
what gets heavy coverage on the news about political campaigns?
major announcements
mistakes
responses to speeches
candidate meeting with important people
horse race
appeals in political ads
-fear
-patriotism
-family/affiliation
-testimonials
Social media characteristics
construct profiles
express connections with other users
view connections made by other users
curation
the production, selection, and filtering of news content on social media
5 types of curation
journalistic
strategic
personal
social algorithmic
facebook algorithm
politically interested users report their friends post a lot of polktical content, facebook categorizes these people as politically interested, facebook exposes the politically interested to political content
echo chambers
environment where all info or opinions encountered are the same
create distorted perception of reality
potential hotbed for misinfo
confirmation bias
we find evidence that agrees with our pre existing beliefs
how to avoid echo chambers
check multiple sources/triangulate
get exposure to alternative perspective
realize your own biases
opinion leaders
individuals with excess social authority for judging or disseminating info
can combat or propagate misinfo
violence
behavior intended to cause physical harm or pain to another individual
blue collar crime
stereotypical crime
drugs
theft
violence
overreported
white collar crime
non-violent crimes
corruption
fraud
money laundering
under reported
property crime
taking money or property
violent crime
homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault
fairness doctrine
media must present both sides of an issue equally, regardless of credibility
what inspires fear in young children?
monsters
what inspires fear in elementary school
physical violence
what inspired fear in older children?
abstract concepts (pandemic, nuclear war)
how do young children respond to fear?
physical disengagement (closing eyes)
how do elementary kids respond to fear?
cognitively respond (thats not real)
issues with measuing fear
social desirability
inaccurate self reports
physiological measures imprecise
modeling impacts
training violent reactions
sensitization: pain, fear, disgust
desensitization: relaxed, entertained, comfy
desensitization
gradual reduction in responsiveness to arousal eliciting stimuli as a function of repeated exposure
cultivation- mean world syndrome
cognitive bias from repeated exposure to violence
perception the world is more dangerous than it truly is
reinforcement of violence
classical conditioning
violence as a solution to issues
repeated violence = desensitization
fits with social cognitive theory
viewer personalities
disposition to violence
emotional arousal levels
who watches violent content?
sensation seekers
empaths
erotica
literary or artistic works with themes of sex and romance
pornography
media content designed with the primary and often exclusive goal of enhancing and eliciting the sexual arousal of viewers
sexual content in media PRIMETIME
increased amount over time
sexual talk is more common than sexual behavior
sexual behavior is more frequent between unmarried than married adults
sexual content in media SOAP OPERAS
contain the most sexual content
more sexual behavior than sexual talk
sexual content in media FILMS
glorify promiscuous behavior and demonize virginity
rarely show safe sex behaviors and comm
consequences tend to be social in nature
effects of sexual content
teaching new behaviors
disinhibition of known behaviors
sex crimes
miller test
does the averge person fidn the matter appeals to be prurient interests?
does the average person find the matter depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way?
does the average person find the matter lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value?
MPAA Film Trailer Ratings
green band: approved for all audiences
yellow band: internet only trailers approved for age appropriate audiences
red band: approved for restricted audiences, only shown before R films
issues with rating system
inequities
vagueness
inconsistencies
trigger hypothesis
exposure will provoke sex crimes
safety valve theory
exposure will satisfy urges to commit sex crimes
concerns with studying porn
informed consent
courtesy stigma
negative exposure effects
legal/financial
logistical
use of porn
sexual enhancement
diversion
substitution
release
affects of porn
arousal
early age of sexual encounter
violent porn exposure=can lead to more sexual aggression
attitudes/beliefs
frequency of sex acts
porn v reality
violent porn consumption is related to rape myth acceptance
Note
Flashcard