Falati 1st Semester Review Sheet

Spanish Colonial Settlement Patterns

Settled in Mexico and Florida, mainly focused on getting gold and silver. Eventually enslaved Indians, so that they can get the gold. Built missions and presidios (forts), employed Catholic priests as missionaries, focused on converting Indians to Catholicism, intermarried with Indians.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Tariff of 1828

Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Marshall's Supreme Court

Period of court ruling from 1801 to 1835; shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of federal government over state; support of economic activity

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

1824 Election

No candidate won majority of votes so because of the 12th amendment, House of Representation had to decide. Henry Clay had the least votes and was the swing vote, he was taken off the ticket, Crawford had a stroke so he was off as well. The last was Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson was more popular but JQA with the support of Clay was able to win, people called this a corrupt bargain and Jackson was angry.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Henry Clay and American System

Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Slave Trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Mexican American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Texas Settlement

After gaining its independence, Mexico welcomed American settlers into its northern province of Texas. By 1830, white farmers outnumbered Mexicans. There was friction because whites brought their slaves and refused to convert to Catholicism.

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

French and Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pamphlet that encouraged the Colonists to fight the British

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Fredrick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Colonial Protests

Boston Tea Party, Boycotting goods, Tar and feathering tax collectors & Boston Massacre

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

1860 Election

election where slavery was the central issue, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won over John Breckinridge (Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party). Lincoln won 40% of popular vote, but won a large majority of electoral votes. Lincoln's victory leads the south to secede.

Republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Lincoln's reconstruction plan

A plan that offered reinstatement for Southern states as long as 10% of the state swore allegiance to the Union. This was created in an attempt to create a moderate peace plan that wouldn't upset the South.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Johnson's reconstruction plan

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before readmittance.

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Congress' Reconstruction Plan

Congress wanted to punish states that rebelled. Put states under military rule. 50% of the population had to swear an oath of allegiance and ratify amendments.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union

Concurrent powers

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

Freedman's Bureau

A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War

Legislative branch

Makes laws

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Debtor colony

Georgia

Precedent

an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action

Catholic colony

Maryland

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Rhode Island colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

Renaissance man

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

1796 election

Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams. John Adams becomes President, Thomas Jefferson becomes vice-president

Pacifism

opposition to all war

1800 election

Election for presidency between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, with Jefferson pulling the win. Federalist John Adams was removed from office, so it is considered a Revolution, a great advantage for the Republicans. It ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party.

'sons of liberty'

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army.

Horatio Gates

American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga.

Baron von Steuben

Prussian soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Constitution ratification

The Constitution had to be ratified (approved) by at least 9 of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect.

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

1st Secretary of Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of the U.S.

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Sam Houston

First president of the Republic of Texas

William Garrison

A leader of the abolitionist movement, this reformer published a newspaper called "The Liberator"

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Harriet Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

P.G.T. Beauregard

Led Confederates Fort Sumter and Bull Run

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

'Great Compromiser'

Henry Clay

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Rights of Citizens

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Ulyssus Grant

Union general at Battle of Shiloh