Biology: Photosynthesis Using Light to Make Food

Photosynthesis takes place here:

the green parts of plants

Chloroplasts are found mainly in the:

mesophyll

This is the tissue of the interior of the leaf:

mesophyll

CO2 and O2 enter and exit the leaf via:

stomata

Microscopic pores on the leaf surface:

stomata

stomata singular

stoma

A typical mesophyll cell has _-_ chloroplasts

30,40

1:

inner membrane

This part of the chloroplast encloses the stroma:

inner membrane

2:

intermembrane space

this part of the chloroplast is the space between the inner and outer membrane:

intermembrane space

3:

outer membrane

this part of the chloroplast is a smooth membrane:

outer membrane

4:

stroma

this part of the chloroplast is a fluid that contains DNA and ribosomes:

stroma

5:

thylakoid

this part of the chloroplast is a flattened, interconnected sac:

thylakoid

6:

lamella

lamella plural:

lamellae

photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of:

plants, algae, and protists

the two steps of photosynthesis:

light reactions and the calvin cycle

chloroplasts contain the green pigment:

chlorophyll

light reactions convert solar energy into:

chemical energy which is stored as ATP and NADPH

light reactions do not produce:

sugar

light is a form of ______ energy

electromagnetic

light travels in:

electromagnetic waves

1:

wavelength

2:

trough

3:

wave height

4:

crest

frequency

number of cycles per unit time

electromagnetic waves are arranged by wavelengths and frequencies in an:

electromagnetic spectrum

electromagnetic spectrum order:

gamma rays, x-rays, uv, visible light, infrared, micro-waves, radio waves

Visible light wavelengths:

380nm-750nm

particles containing electromagnetic radiation:

photons

primary colors of white light:

red, blue, green

secondary colors of white light:

magenta, yellow, cyan

substances that absorb visible light:

pigments

when a pigment reflects a color, that is:

the color we see

an instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths:

spectrophotometer

chlorophyll molecules absorb:

violet-blue and red light

chlorophyll a is ____, while chlorophyll b is _____.

blue-green, yellow-green

these pigments absorb excess light to protect organisms:

carotenoids

What types of organisms produce the biosphere's food supply?

producers and autotrophs

In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in _____.

thylakoids

\n **Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?**

grana

**The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from _____.**

water

**In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up __________.**

in sugar and water

**In an experiment, a plant was given ____ containing radioactive O, and the radioactive oxygen atoms were used to make sugar.**

carbon dioxide

**In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from ____ to make sugar and other organic molecules**

carbon dioxide

**Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both involve _____.**

redox reactions

**The photosynthetic event known as the Calvin cycle occurs in the _____**

stroma

**The "photo-" part of the word "photosynthesis" refers to _________, whereas "-synthesis" refers to __________.**

light reactions, carbon fixation

**The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to _____.**

capture light

**Which one of the following colors is most strongly transmitted by chlorophyll?**

green

**The reaction center, antenna molecules, and primary electron acceptors that cluster in the thylakoid membrane form which structure?**

photosystem

**The synthesis of glucose by photosynthesis is an endergonic process. The source of the energy for the excited electrons is _____.**

light

**The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in ____. The light reactions also produce ____ and ____.**

NADPH, ATP, oxygen

**Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?**

water

**During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from __________ via a series of reactions associated with __________.**

water, photosystem II

**Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _____.**

use a H+ gradiant to produce ATP

components of the light reactions are found where?

thylakoid membranes

components of light reactions:

2 photosystems, 2 electron transport chains, ATP synthase

1:

photon

2:

light-harvesting complexes

3:

reaction center

4:

primary electron acceptor

5:

pigment

6:

special chlorophyll a molecules

the reaction center includes:

2 special chlorophyll a molecules, primary electron acceptor, light-harvesting complexes

first step of events in photosystem:

photon hits pigments, which excites them

photosystem II has pigment ___, while photosystem I has pigment ______

680, 700

two possible routes of electron flow in light reactions:

cyclic and noncyclic

non cyclic electron flow path:

water, PSII, Pq, Cytochrome complex, Pc, PSI, Fd, NADP+ reductase, NADPH

movement of electrons through the electron transport chains are _____ reactions

exergonic

where do H+ ions travel during electron flow?

inside the thylakoid space

after H+ ions move against the concentration gradient, where do they travel:

to the stroma via ATP synthase

is this noncyclic or cyclic?

noncyclic

NADP+ full name:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

reduced form of NADP+

NADPH

NADP+ is just NAD+ with an extra ______

phosphate group

cyclic electron flow path:

PSI, Fd, Cytochrome complex, Pc, PSI

non cyclic electron flow produces __ and __, but cyclic electron flow produces _____

NADPH, ATP, ATP

when the chloroplast has an excess of NADPH, what electron flow does it shift to?

cyclic electron flow

calvin cycle intermediates:

CO2, short-lived intermediate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, ribulose biphosphate

the calvin cycle occurs in the:

stroma

three phases of calvin cycle:

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

RuBP stands for:

ribulose biphosphate

this enzyme combines CO2 with RuBP:

rubisco

when 3-phosphoglycerate phosphorylates to become 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, where does it get the phosphate groups from?

6 ATP

when 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is reduced to become G3P, where does it get the electrons from?

6 NADPH

how many molecules of G3P exit the cycle to be used by the cell?

1

what happens to the other G3P molecules?

regenerated to become RuBP

when G3P is rearranged to become RuBP, where does it get the energy from?

3 ATP

calvin cycle equation:

3CO2 + 6NADPH + 9ATP -> G3P + 6NADP+ + 9ADP

photorespiration occurs in order to preserve what?

water

the enzyme rubisco can bind with these two molecules:

CO2 and O2

in photorespiration, RuBP is split into __ and __. ____ leaves the chloroplast and is broken down into ___

3-phosphoglycerate, 2C, 2C, CO2

photorespiration consumes ___ and ___, making it wasteful.

ATP, sugar