Biology: Photosynthesis Using Light to Make Food

Photosynthesis takes place here:

Photosynthesis takes place here:

the green parts of plants

Chloroplasts are found mainly in the:

mesophyll

This is the tissue of the interior of the leaf:

mesophyll

CO2 and O2 enter and exit the leaf via:

stomata

Microscopic pores on the leaf surface:

stomata

stomata singular

stoma

A typical mesophyll cell has - chloroplasts

30,40

1:

inner membrane

This part of the chloroplast encloses the stroma:

inner membrane

2:

intermembrane space

this part of the chloroplast is the space between the inner and outer membrane:

intermembrane space

3:

outer membrane

this part of the chloroplast is a smooth membrane:

outer membrane

4:

stroma

this part of the chloroplast is a fluid that contains DNA and ribosomes:

stroma

5:

thylakoid

this part of the chloroplast is a flattened, interconnected sac:

thylakoid

6:

lamella

lamella plural:

lamellae

photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of:

plants, algae, and protists

the two steps of photosynthesis:

light reactions and the calvin cycle

chloroplasts contain the green pigment:

chlorophyll

light reactions convert solar energy into:

chemical energy which is stored as ATP and NADPH

light reactions do not produce:

sugar

light is a form of ______ energy

electromagnetic

light travels in:

electromagnetic waves

1:

wavelength

2:

trough

3:

wave height

4:

crest

frequency

number of cycles per unit time

electromagnetic waves are arranged by wavelengths and frequencies in an:

electromagnetic spectrum

electromagnetic spectrum order:

gamma rays, x-rays, uv, visible light, infrared, micro-waves, radio waves

Visible light wavelengths:

380nm-750nm

particles containing electromagnetic radiation:

photons

primary colors of white light:

red, blue, green

secondary colors of white light:

magenta, yellow, cyan

substances that absorb visible light:

pigments

when a pigment reflects a color, that is:

the color we see

an instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths:

spectrophotometer

chlorophyll molecules absorb:

violet-blue and red light

chlorophyll a is ____, while chlorophyll b is _____.

blue-green, yellow-green

these pigments absorb excess light to protect organisms:

carotenoids

What types of organisms produce the biosphere's food supply?

producers and autotrophs

In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in _____.

thylakoids

\n Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?

grana

The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from _____.

water

In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up __________.

in sugar and water

In an experiment, a plant was given ____ containing radioactive O, and the radioactive oxygen atoms were used to make sugar.

carbon dioxide

In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from ____ to make sugar and other organic molecules

carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both involve _____.

redox reactions

The photosynthetic event known as the Calvin cycle occurs in the _____

stroma

The "photo-" part of the word "photosynthesis" refers to _________, whereas "-synthesis" refers to __________.

light reactions, carbon fixation

The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to _____.

capture light

Which one of the following colors is most strongly transmitted by chlorophyll?

green

The reaction center, antenna molecules, and primary electron acceptors that cluster in the thylakoid membrane form which structure?

photosystem

The synthesis of glucose by photosynthesis is an endergonic process. The source of the energy for the excited electrons is _____.

light

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in ____. The light reactions also produce ____ and ____.

NADPH, ATP, oxygen

Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?

water

During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from __________ via a series of reactions associated with __________.

water, photosystem II

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _____.

use a H+ gradiant to produce ATP

components of the light reactions are found where?

thylakoid membranes

components of light reactions:

2 photosystems, 2 electron transport chains, ATP synthase

1:

photon

2:

light-harvesting complexes

3:

reaction center

4:

primary electron acceptor

5:

pigment

6:

special chlorophyll a molecules

the reaction center includes:

2 special chlorophyll a molecules, primary electron acceptor, light-harvesting complexes

first step of events in photosystem:

photon hits pigments, which excites them

photosystem II has pigment ___, while photosystem I has pigment ______

680, 700

two possible routes of electron flow in light reactions:

cyclic and noncyclic

non cyclic electron flow path:

water, PSII, Pq, Cytochrome complex, Pc, PSI, Fd, NADP+ reductase, NADPH

movement of electrons through the electron transport chains are _____ reactions

exergonic

where do H+ ions travel during electron flow?

inside the thylakoid space

after H+ ions move against the concentration gradient, where do they travel:

to the stroma via ATP synthase

is this noncyclic or cyclic?

noncyclic

NADP+ full name:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

reduced form of NADP+

NADPH

NADP+ is just NAD+ with an extra ______

phosphate group

cyclic electron flow path:

PSI, Fd, Cytochrome complex, Pc, PSI

non cyclic electron flow produces __ and __, but cyclic electron flow produces _____

NADPH, ATP, ATP

when the chloroplast has an excess of NADPH, what electron flow does it shift to?

cyclic electron flow

calvin cycle intermediates:

CO2, short-lived intermediate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, ribulose biphosphate

the calvin cycle occurs in the:

stroma

three phases of calvin cycle:

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

RuBP stands for:

ribulose biphosphate

this enzyme combines CO2 with RuBP:

rubisco

when 3-phosphoglycerate phosphorylates to become 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, where does it get the phosphate groups from?

6 ATP

when 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is reduced to become G3P, where does it get the electrons from?

6 NADPH

how many molecules of G3P exit the cycle to be used by the cell?

1

what happens to the other G3P molecules?

regenerated to become RuBP

when G3P is rearranged to become RuBP, where does it get the energy from?

3 ATP

calvin cycle equation:

3CO2 + 6NADPH + 9ATP -> G3P + 6NADP+ + 9ADP

photorespiration occurs in order to preserve what?

water

the enzyme rubisco can bind with these two molecules:

CO2 and O2

in photorespiration, RuBP is split into __ and __. ____ leaves the chloroplast and is broken down into ___

3-phosphoglycerate, 2C, 2C, CO2

photorespiration consumes ___ and ___, making it wasteful.

ATP, sugar