Study Guide 1 Chapter 1

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Structuralism

Early approach using introspection to identify the basic elements of consciousness.

Functionalism

Approach focusing on the purpose of behavior and how it helps organisms adapt.

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory emphasizing unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.

Behaviorism

School of thought focusing on observable behavior and learning through conditioning.

Wilhelm Wundt

Established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig; "father of psychology."

G. Stanley Hall

Founded the first U.S. psychology lab and the American Psychological Association.

Edward B. Titchener

Student of Wundt who developed structuralism.

William James

Developed functionalism; emphasized psychology for everyday life.

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychoanalysis focusing on the unconscious mind.

Francis C. Sumner

First African American to earn a PhD in psychology; "father of Black psychology."

Mamie & Kenneth Clark

Conducted doll studies; provided evidence in Brown v. Board of Education.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Studied memory and dreams; denied PhD from Harvard because she was a woman.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology; studied animal cognition.

Pauline Elizabeth Scarborough

Advocated for women's inclusion in psychology.

Robert V. Guthrie

Wrote "Even the Rat Was White" highlighting contributions of psychologists of color.

Humanistic perspective

Focus on personal growth, self-actualization, and free will (Maslow, Rogers).

Psychodynamic perspective

Focus on unconscious influences and early childhood experiences (Freud).

Behavioral perspective

Focus on observable behavior and environmental influences (Watson, Skinner).

Cognitive perspective

Focus on mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving.

Biological perspective

Focus on brain, nervous system, genetics, and physical bases of behavior.

Cross-cultural perspective

Focus on how behavior varies across different cultures.

Positive psychology perspective

Focus on positive emotions, strengths, and well-being.

First psychology laboratory

University of Leipzig.

Psychiatrist

Medical doctor specializing in mental disorders and prescribing medication.

Basis of psychology

Combination of philosophy and physiology.

WEIRD

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.

Indigenous psychology

Psychological knowledge developed within a specific cultural context.

Structuralists avoided studying

Prior learning.

Mary Whiton Calkins was denied a PhD by

Harvard University.

Psychology developed in cultural context is called

Indigenous psychology.

Psychologists who studied observable behavior

Behaviorists.

Psychologists who emphasized unconscious conflict

Psychoanalysts.