6b Epidemiology

How are viruses cultured for studies?

Infect bacteria, plants, and animals

Embryonated Chicken Eggs

What did Dr. Pham do in his HIV research?

Infect white blood cells

Inject mice with different viruses

What does BLT stand for?

Blood

Liver

Thymus

Prions

Infectious Proteins

1/3 can mutate

Can become a deadly “zombie” prion

No cure

Viroid

siRNA originated from this

Infectious circular RNA, pathogenic in plants

Does not code for proteins

Binds to complementary plant RNA

Degrades the RNA

Who is the father of epidemiology?

John Snow

Pinpoint the cause of cholera from contaminated water pumps

Epidemiology

Study of trends of disease within populations

Incidence

Number of new cases of a disease

Prevalence

Number of total cases of a disease

Endemic Disease

All over world

Considered normal

Sporadic

Appears out of nowhere

Epidemic

Small region

Pandemic

Whole world

Contamination

The presence of microbes in or on the body

Infection

When microbes become established in the body

How can pathogens leave host?

Through portals of exit, usually the same way they entered

What are reservoirs of infection?

Soil, food, water

Zoonoses

Diseases spread from animal to human

Direct contact with animals/their waste

Eating animals

Bloodsucking arthropods

United States Public Health Service

Prevent and control diseases

Ensure the safety of food, drugs, and medical devices

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

Protecting Public Health

Conducting Research and Providing Data

World Health Organization (WHO)

Directing and Coordinating Authority

Promoting Health

How to limit disease transmission

Monitor water and food safety

Establish isolation & quarantine measures

Vaccine distribution

Educate the public on healthful choices to limit disease

Hospital-Acquried Infection

Acquired from health care environment

How are hospital-acquried infections caused?

Medical examinations, empirical practice, surgeries, or treatment

What are some examples of hospital-acquired infections?

MRSA

SSIs

UTIs

Pneumonia

What leads to hospital-acquired infections?

Immunocompromised patients

Presence of microorganisms

Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients

What are some systemic equity issues?

Lack of Insurance/money

Discrimination

(Little brothers medical insurance did not allow him to have preventative HIV drug unless he had a severe case of HIV)

Antibiotic Resistance in Cells

When bacteria evolve mechanisms that allow them to evade the drug's effects, leading to difficult-to-treat infections

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Decreased permeability

Target modification

Mutations

Enterococcus Faecium

Bacteremia

Urinary tract infections

Surgical site infections

Staphylococcus aureus

Skin infections

Bloodstream infections

Pneumonia

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Urinary tract infections

Acinetobacter baumannii

High resistance to multiple antibiotics

Respiratory infections

Wound infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Respiratory infections

Bloodstream infections

Urinary tract infections

Immunocompromised individuals

Enterobacter

Bacteremia

Urinary tract infections

Surgical site infections

Typhoid Mary

A healthy carrier of typhoid fever

Showed no symptoms

Infected many people

Synonymous with the spread of disease