L19 Introduction to vertebrates and early jawless fish
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24 Terms
Vertebrates are a part of what phylum?
Chordates
Why should we care about vertebrate?
Conservation
What is the holocene extinction?
Extinction happening now that is anthropocene meaning it is induced by humans
What caused many vertebrate extinctions in the last 50000 years?
Humans
What is the most detrimental factor humans induce on animals that cause their extinction?
Habitat loss/degradation
What is a method for successful species conservation?
Maintaining multiple populations across ecological settings with replicated populations in each setting
What feature appeared right before Chordates branched off?
Neural crest
What is the neural crest in Chordates?
An infolding of the ectodermal layer into almost a new germ layer
What does the neural crest develop into in Chordates?
Trunk and head
What phyla is the subphylum Vertebrata from?
Chordata
What type of brain does the subphylum Vertebrata have?
A tri-partite brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
What does the forebrain of the subphylum Vertebrata house?
The cerebral cortex
What type of tissues does the subphylum Vertebrata have?
Mineralized tissues
Cranium
Vertebrate
What are the synapomorphies of the subphylum Vertebrata?
Tripartite brain
Mineralized tissue
Pair of semi-circular canals
Ectodermal placodes
Homeobox (HOX) genes double duplication
What is the synapomorphy “Ectodermal placodes” in the subphylum Vertebrata?
Epidermal thickening which allowed more complex sensory systems to be developed
What is the synapomorphy ”Double duplication Homeobox genes” in the subphylum Vertebrata?
2 sets of genes that are like a body plan and code for specific parts of the body so additional proteins can be made for the specific regions
How did vertebrates get so big/fast/smart?
Endoskeleton allows us to grow much bigger
Physiology—Modifications of different systems to meet higher metabolic demand
The forebrain houses what system?
Olfactory
The midbrain houses what system?
Ocular system
The hindbrain houses what system?
Everything else
What is Myllokunmingia?
The earliest known vertebrate
No vertebrate but had a cranium
What is the functional group Ostracoderm?
Armored jawless fishes
What are the two groups of the Ostracoderm functional group?
Heterostracans and Osteostracans;Anaspids
Which mass extinction killed the most species?
Permian