World History Midterm

Human Origins, The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Exploration and Colonization

scientists use the term ? to describe all human ancestors

hominin

most scientists now believe that the earliest human ancestors can be traced back about ? years

6-7 million years

which of the following would be considered to be the first to break away from a “hunting and gathering” lifestyle

neanderthal

which of the following terms would be used to describe all of history up until about 5500 years ago

prehistoric

which of the following is true of neanderthals

they lived simultaneously with homo sapiens

during the neolithic revolution…

modern humans begane to engage in architechture and animals were domesticated

which of the following statement best describes the changes brought about from the “Neolithic Revolution”

people were now able to focus on things other than obtaining food

the first civilization in history is believed to have developed in

mesopotamia

which of the following would historians not be considered to be a characteristic/trait necessary for “civilization”

slaves and a monotheistic religion

what can you conclude regarding human evolution

the majority of our ancestors survived longer than we have to date and homo erectus was the longest surviving human ancestor

which of the following statements is true regarding the development of agriculture 12,000 years ago

gave people a more dependable source of food, resulted in man becoming less nomadic, resulted in woen assuming new, less important roles and responsibilites, led to the creation of specialized workers

Humanism

Intellectual movement/system in which a more worldly approach was taken to lifestyles, beliefs, history, rhetoric, grammar, and language. People began to focus less on religion and the afterlife, and instead more on the individual accomplishments that each person can achieve within a lifetime.

Secularism

An idea that rejects religion and religious considerations.

Individualism

Emphasizes the worth and value of individual achievement. \n Example:"Carpe diem" - Seize the day

Ideal Male

They must be charming, polite, writer, able to dance, witty, play music, strong, sing, poetry, skilled at horse riding, wrestler, and swordsman.

Ideal Women

They must writes well, paints well, plays music, source of inspiration, sings, and charming.

Perspective

Describes a painting technique in which shape and size are used to create the illusion of a third dimension on a 2-D surface.

Fresco Painting

Describes a type of painting in which tempera is applied to wet plaster

Florence

The birthplace of the Italian Renaissance.

The Low Countries

The birthplace of the Northern Renaissance

Giotto

One of the first artists to implement realism in his work ever since the Classical Ages \n Used an abundance of perspective and contrast within his work

Brunelleschi

Famous for the usage of linear perspective in his artwork \n He was also one of the first individuals during the Renaissance to emphasize linear perspective within his artwork

Donatello

Unique artstyle \n Praised for his realistic artwork and sculptures

Masaccio

Inspired by the linear perspective technique used by Brunelleschi \n Implemented religious themes while also adding individualism within his work, influenced by Giotto \n Strayed from Gothic art styles

Botticelli

Paintings reflected the influential values of the time ex: \n Zeitgeist \n Botticelli used sgraffito (layering of plaster) within much of his artwork. \n He also used layered egg whites to create texture within his artwork. \n He used both foreshortening and perspective within his artwork as well. \n He emphasized nature, realism, and Classical Age themes within his artwork

Leonardo da Vinci

Emphasizes geometry, realism, and perspective within his artwork. \n He is regarded as being one of the first "Renaissance Men". \n He utilized an abundance of contrast as well within his paintings. \n He also introduced the sfumato and chiaroscuro techniques

Michelangelo

He was an extremely realistic painter. \n He painted many frescoes ex: Sistine Chapel \n Style: buon fresco technique, in which the artist paints quickly on wet plaster before it dries

Raphael

He used an abundance of linear perspective within his artwork. \n He was strongly influenced by one of his mentors

Van Eyck

Frequently used oil paints. \n Emphasized detail and realism. \n Used details to emphasize the wealth of people.Emphasize details within fabrics as well

Caravaggio

Utilized an abundance of chiaroscuro and tenebrism. \n Emphasis on realism. \n He often did not use frescoes, if at all, for his mainly just used oil paints. \n Implemented religious themes into his artwork. \n Co-extensive space was another prominent technique.

Albrecht Dürer

German painter. He was extremely influential as it relates to the northern Renaissance, for he was one of the first northern European artists to be inspired by the Italian Renaissance. Was most famous for his engravings and paintings.

Bruegel

Contrast of light and dark. \n A great amount of detail and color is used within his artwork. \n Emphasizes relevant topics of the time in his artwork. \n Emphasized painting peasants instead of painting wealthy and/or biblical individuals

the populations of neolithic billages were able to increase mostly due to

food surpluses

buddhism’s four noble truths

the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring about its end.

throughout the majority of their history, the romans were

polytheistic and persecuted other religions

chronological sequence of events

the neolithic revolution began in approximately 10,000 BC, civilization developed in mesopotamia circa 5500 BCE, greek civilization reached its peak in the 5 century BCE, the romans adopted Christianity as their official religion in 392 CE. Historians use the date AD 476 to refer to the collapse of the roman Empire

hinduism core beliefs

kama, the pursuit of pleasure; artha, the pursuit of material success; dharma, leading a just and good life; and moksha, enlightenment, which frees a person from suffering and unites the individual soul with Brahman.

confucianism main belief

people should abide by a moral code and live their life in accordance with their prescribed societal roles

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are

manifestations of Brahman - Hinduism

Popularity of Religions of the world

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism

which of the following are considered to be among the “achievements” of the Roman Civilization

the creation of the “Roman Arch”, the creation of the formula for concrete, providing an abundant supply of water to its people, an extensive network of roads

which of the following contributed to the “fall of the Western Roman Empire” in the 5th century

the invasions of the Germanic tribes, Rome suffered from political instability, the overall quality and quantity of the Roman military decreased

why did the Romans have a difficult time withstanding the invasions of their territory

the invasions seemed to come from almost every direction and the boundaries of the Roman Frontiers were vast

the Early Middle ages began around

500 CE as the Western Roman Empire faded

the signing of the “Magna Carta” is significant because England’s King John agreed to

the idea that his power would be limited and he would have to obey laws

“Feudalism” developed and became prevalent through Europe

due to the need for protection from invaders and mainly during the invastions of the 8th-10th centuries

which of the following is true of “early medieval society” following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire”

Western Europe became more “fragmented” as the Germanic tribes displaced the Romans

The Crusades cand be best described as

a Christian attempt to free the Holy Land from Muslim occupation

which of the following two statements were effects of the Black Plague

feudalism declined and 1/3 of Europe’s population died

T or F: Homo sapiens is now the second longest surviving of all human species

f

The “First Century BCE” refers to the years 100 BCE- 0 BCE

f

Man’s shift to an agricultural existence is believed to have lowered the status of women

t

scientists believe that different human ancestors existed simultaneously

t

early medieval society was much more sophisticated and developed with regard to technology, engineering and cultural contributions than that of the Roman Empire

f

during the middle ages, most people in western europe were catholic while most people in the byzantine empire were jewish

f

the romance languages are derived from latin and were born after the fall of the roman emppire

t

Hindus believe in one god named Buddha that manifests itself in multiple forms

f

the Quran is a collection of saying/quotes passed down from generation to generation starting with Abraham and ending with Muhammad

f

the pax romana is remembered as a special period in Roman history because it was when the roman empire expanded rapidly due to the many wars it fought and won

f

Clovis’ acceptance of Christianity is credited with helping to preserve Christianity in the wake of the Germanic Invasions

t

Being it is the oldest of the world religions, Hinduism has now spread to more countries than any other religion

f

Juaism is now the third most popular religion in the world with over 750 million followers

f

Because of their belief in the concept of “ahimsa”m Hindus tend to be nonviolent and vegetarian”

t

according to Hindu beliefs, a person’s ultimate goal is to achieve “moksha” by having your “atman” unite with “Brahman”

t

Confucian values have been very popular throughout Chinese history largely due to its emphasis on the equality of men and women

f

The middle Ages are largely remembered as a time of widespread poverty, warfare, disease and general lack of technology/sophistication

t

Schism

Split between Eastern and Western Chrisitan churches in 1054 CE

Hinduism

Believe that the way you live this life will affect your status in the next life as you work towards the ultimate goal of “moksha” or release from the cycle of rebirth

Judaism

Believed in a covenant with one, all powerful, god who consider them to be his “chosen people”