inertia and inequaity L4 practise

Which of the following best explains why tropical cyclones are projected to become more intense under climate change?

Warmer air and oceans increase available heat energy and moisture 

The Clausius–Clapeyron relationship is significant for understanding climate-driven rainfall changes because it shows that:

 every 1°C of warming allows the atmosphere to hold 7% more water vapour

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are often referred to as the “moral conscience” in UN climate negotiations because:

they face severe impacts while contributing minimally to emissions

Which of the following regions is most vulnerable to climate impacts due to loss of upstream glacial meltwater?

South and East Asia dependent on Himalayan ice

Which statement best describes the relationship between sea-level rise and storm surge impacts?

The same storm intensity can cause more damage when baseline sea levels are higher

What is the primary reason multilateral climate agreements struggle to produce meaningful emission reductions?

Agreements rely on non-binding pledges rather than enforceable commitments

Dramatic global loss of mangrove forests since 1980 is largely due to:

conversion of land for tourism and housing development

 Rapid hurricane intensification in the North Atlantic has become:

more than twice as likely as in the past

Most climate-related migration today is:

internal migration within countries

Which factor explains why mega-deltas are among the world’s most climate-vulnerable locations?

They lie close to sea level and house large populations

Explain four reasons why Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are disproportionately vulnerable to climate change.

• ___ elevation: Many ___ are only meters above ___ level → highly exposed to ___.

low, islands, sea, inundation

Explain four reasons why Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are disproportionately vulnerable to climate change.

____exposure: Located in ____-prone regions; cyclones ____ under ___.

storm, cyclone, intensify, warming 

Explain four reasons why Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are disproportionately vulnerable to climate change.

___ ___ capacity: ___ economies, limited ___ + scarce __ resources.

limited adaptive, samll, infrastructure, financial

Explain four reasons why Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are disproportionately vulnerable to climate change.

___contribution to GHG emissions: Severe impacts despite extremely low emissions → __.

minimal, injustice 

Describe four drivers behind the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones in a warming climate, and briefly explain how each mechanism increases storm severity.

- ___ oceans: More ___ energy fuels stronger ___.

warmer, heat, winds

 Describe four drivers behind the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones in a warming climate, and briefly explain how each mechanism increases storm severity.

___ atmosphere: Holds ___% more ___ per ___°C of warming → heavier __.

warmer, 7, moisture, 1, rainfall

Describe four drivers behind the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones in a warming climate, and briefly explain how each mechanism increases storm severity.

Higher ____ sea levels: Smaller surge needed for catastrophic ___.

baseline, flooding

Describe four drivers behind the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones in a warming climate, and briefly explain how each mechanism increases storm severity.

___-rich, unstable atmosphere: Enhances ____ convection → storms ___ faster.

moisture, vertical, intensify

Identify and explain four climate injustices related to uneven contributions and uneven impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.

- Uneven emissions contributions: Wealthy nations responsible for most ___ emissions; poorest impacted most.

historical 

 Identify and explain four climate injustices related to uneven contributions and uneven impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.

Uneven ____: SIDS, _____ , and ___-lying coasts experience the worst impacts.

vulnerability, mega-deltas, low

Identify and explain four climate injustices related to uneven contributions and uneven impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.

Unequal adaptation capacity: Rich countries can build __ defences; poorer nations cannot.

sea

 Identify and explain four climate injustices related to uneven contributions and uneven impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate __/climate __: Populations forced to migrate due to problems they didn’t create

debt, refugees 

Outline four factors contributing to global “climate inertia,” and explain how each slows the transition to a low-carbon world.

- ____industry: Manufactured ____ delays public support for ___.

denial, doubt, action 

Outline four factors contributing to global “climate inertia,” and explain how each slows the transition to a low-carbon world.

___ agreements: Global climate accords rely on voluntary pledges → weak enforcement.

non-binding

Outline four factors contributing to global “climate inertia,” and explain how each slows the transition to a low-carbon world.

Fossil fuel ____: Political pressure blocks regulations and ___ transitions.

lobbying, renewable

Outline four factors contributing to global “climate inertia,” and explain how each slows the transition to a low-carbon world.

___dependence: Many economies rely on fossil fuels or high-emission industries (tourism in SIDS).

economic 

Explain how sea-level rise and storm surge interact to amplify coastal flooding risks. Include two physical mechanisms and two real-world consequences.

Mechanisms:

• Higher ___ seas → storms need much smaller ___ to cause ___.

• Warming oceans + ___ → stronger ___ and heavier ___.

baseline, surges, flooding, air, winds, rainfall

Explain how sea-level rise and storm surge interact to amplify coastal flooding risks. Include two physical mechanisms and two real-world consequences.

Consequences:

• More severe ___ flooding even from the same ___ intensity.

• Permanent ____ for populations in low-lying zones (SIDS, mega-deltas).

coastal, storm, displacement

Describe four reasons why mega-deltas are considered climate-change hotspots according to the IPCC.

Very low ___→ highly susceptible to ____

Densely ___→ millions of people affected by coastal ___.

elevation, sea-level rise, populated, flooding 

Describe four reasons why mega-deltas are considered climate-change hotspots according to the IPCC.

Dependent on upstream ___ systems → vulnerable to ice ____ and changing ___

High ____ concentration → disruption to ___, fisheries, and ___.

river, melt, run-off, economic, agriculture, trade

Explain the significance of mangrove forests for both human communities and biodiversity, and describe two reasons for their decline since 1980.

Significance:

• Coastal ___: Natural ___ against storm  ___and ___.

• ___ hotspot: Crucial ___ for marine species and birds.

protection, buffer, surge, erosion, biodiversity, habitat

Explain the significance of mangrove forests for both human communities and biodiversity, and describe two reasons for their decline since 1980.

Decline reasons:

• Clearing for ____/housing developments.

• Rapid expansion of ___since the 1980s.

tourism, aquaculture 

Define climate migration, explain why most of it is internal, and provide two examples of countries or regions where climate-related displacement is already occurring.

- Movement caused by climate impacts such as ___, ___, storms, or sea-level rise.

- Mostly internal: People tend to move within the same country because cross-border migration is legally restricted.

• Tuvalu planning migration to Australia.

• Southeast Asia / Bangladesh facing mass displacement in ___.

drought, flooding, deltas

Explain why Asia is among the most climate-vulnerable regions, focusing on the role of Himalayan ice loss and downstream impacts.

- _____ice loss: Melting ___reduce long-term ___supplies (“reservoirs in the sky”).

- Dependence on ___systems: Major rivers (Ganges, Mekong, Yangtze) ___ by glacial ___.

- ___vulnerability: Reduced water ___ harms ___.

Large populations in ___: High exposure to sea-level rise and __.

himalayan, glaciers, water, river, fed, melt, agricultural, availability, crops, deltas, storms

Explain why SIDS have brought climate justice issues to the International Court of Justice, and describe two possible implications of this move for global climate governance.

Reason: Seek ___ recognition of the responsibility wealthy, high-emitting nations bear for climate harm.

Implication 1: Could strengthen arguments for climate ___, ___funding, and climate debt repayment.

Implication 2: May influence future climate ___ to include ___obligations instead of voluntary ___.

legal, finance, adaptation, treaties, pledges