EXAM 3 PSY 315

Entity Lower Grades

Effort = Low ability, Failure = Low ability, Strategy = Decrease effort

Fundamental Lexical Approach

whatever is important we have a word for it - exploit the dictionary`

Fundamental Lexical Approach Allport

psycholexical study: results in 18,000 person descriptive English words, Initial division into traits (about 5,000) states, activities

Fundamental Lexical Approach Cattell

reductionism into 200 clusters, 35 variables and finally 16 personality factors (16PF)

Fundamental Lexical Approach Norman and Goldbery

Big 5 OCEAN, redid Cattell's project, using modern techniques (multiple judges, computers)

Big Five

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Openness - Big Five

originality, open-mindedness - Careful, methodical, thinks before speaking, task-focused, efficient, not easily distracted

Conscientiousness - Big Five

constraint, control - Careful, methodical, thinks before speaking, task-focused, efficient, not easily distracted

Extraversion - Big Five

enthusiasm, energy - Talkative, outgoing, not reserved, assertive, forceful, energetic

Agreeableness - Big Five

altruism, affection - Considerate, cooperative, not rude, prosocial, trusting, not cold or aloof

Neuroticism - Big Five

negative affectivity, nervousness - Tense and easily upset, not relaxed vs. emotionally stable, handles stress well

Factor Analysis

Norman and Goldberg - Statistical method to identify clusters (or groups) of correlated traits, Reduces a large # of items into factors (data reduction)

Interpersonal effects # of partners

life outcome for high extraversion and for likeability high agreeableness

Juvenile Delinquency

life outcome for low agreeableness and low conscientiousness
School performances (grades) - high consciousness (work performance, focus tasks) and high openness (enjoying learning)

Longevity/longer life

life outcome for high conscientiousness

Happiness

life outcome for high extraversion and low neuroticism

Development change in most people

Decrease in extraversion, openness and neuroticism, Increase in conscientiousness and agreeableness

Stability and change across lifespan

Less stability early on (teens + 20s) and old age, Individual differences in big 5 are stable over years - Particularly stable after 30s, Changes due to events that affect central aspects of identity (career change, divorce, relocation, off the social clock - culture specific, time table, etc)

Antidepressants

Drug induced changes (temp.) - increase extraversion and decrease neuroticism

Psychedelic drugs

Drug induced changes (temporary) - Increase openness

Psychotherapy

3 months or more decrease neuroticism effectively, Same success in increasing extraversion

Recent attention and effort to increase conscientiousness

C as in human capital, People high in conscientiousness - earn more, save more, exercise more, eat healthier, less likely to get divorced

Big Five Allport

did the first study using the fundamental lexical approach but did not use factor analysis - didn't like broad dimensions, kept 5,000 traits - Missing the unique organization of trait in the person

Cardinal traits

a trait that is your most fundamental trait (ex. compassion for Dalai Lama)

Idiographic method preferred

everybody is so different, unique that on single descriptive system (Big 5) cannot possibly describe all

Big Five Cattell

5 factors are not enough "common traits" and created 16PF

PEN model

Eysenck - P (Psychoticism), E (Extraverson), N (Neuroticism)

Psychoticism - PEN

"abnormal" qualities - aggressiveness, a lack of empathy, interpersonal coldness and antisocial behavioral tendencies

Extraversion - PEN

Introversion - sociability, activity, liveliness and excitability

Neuroticism - PEN

anxious, depressed, shy and moody

Lemon Drop Test

Results: Introverts salivated significantly more in response to drops than extroverts, Introverts - have more sensitive central nervous system, have lower thresholds to arousal, Extroverts - are less excitable than introverts to the same stimuli, Explanation: Extroverts seek stimulation in order to reach the same levels or excitement

Nonhuman Animal Personality

Permit experimental studies of personality, Study personality change and development, Further understand genetic influences on personality, Promote animal and human welfare

Canine Big Five

O - problem solving, C - impulse control, E - energy level, A - expression of expression, N - emotional stability

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov, a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Tabula Rasa

Blank slate - Change the environment and you change the behavior, Behavior is a direct function of situation

Tabula Rasa Limitations and Applications

Complete control of environment (S), Behavior modification/Analysis is NOT psychotherapy

Conditioned Emotional Reaction

Development of an emotional reaction to previously neutral stimulus, Little Albert's fear of rats

System Desensitization

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.

Unconditioning

extinction of "learned fear", gradual exposure

Operant conditioning

change, influence behavior through reward and/or punishment - generally reward works better than punishment

Positive reinforcement

Presents reinforcer after target behavior, Increases the probability of response in future

Primary Reinforcer

its value is automatic (ex. food and water)

Secondary Reinforcer

its reinforcing value is acquired through learning (ex. money and tokens)

Punishment

Presents an aversive event or removes a positive event following a response, Decrease the frequency of that response

Negative Reinforcement

Removes an aversive event immediately after a response has been performed, Increase the frequency of that response

Continuous/time based

Schedule of reinforcement - every time when the target behavior happens

Fixed Ratio

Schedule of reinforcement - reinforcements appear after a certain # of responses

Intermittent/variable Ratio

Schedule of reinforcement - unpredictable schedule, enhance resistance to extinction (ex. casino, social media)

Token Economy

Select target behavior, make reinforcement contingent on desired responses

Boundary conditions

fine in mental health words, prisons, nonhuman animals

Stimulus-Response Theory

Personality structure = learned habits (or S-R bonds), Development of habits S-R associations as a result of rewards Drive = stimulus strong enough to elicit response behavior

Innaate/primary drives

hunger, pain

Learned, secondary drives

fear, anxiety - stimulus to give you pain

Conflicts and SR Theory

when you are facing a stimulus/situation w/ 2 or more alternatives and each requires a difference action

Approach - avoidance conflict

alternatives: pros and cons, basic ingredients of neurotic behavior

Approach - approach conflict

torn between two desirable alternative

Avoidance - avoidance conflict

two undesirable alternatives, paying off credit vs. no entertainment $$, procrastination

Behavioral genetics - twin and adoption studies

Comparing the similarities of members in twin pairs, Twins provide a naturally occurring experiment

Monozygotic

identical or maternal

Dizygotic

non identical or traditional (share 50% of genes)

H squared

variance in trait accounted for genetic factors divided by the total variance in trait (G / G + E), Population and measurement specific

Reactive

the same environmental experiences may have different effects on individuals with different genetic makeup

Evocative

individuals with different genetic makeup may evoke different response from the environment

Selective

out genetic makeup leads to differences in selection of environment

Shared environment

those shared by sibling as a result of growing up in the same family

Nonshared environment

those not shared by siblings growing up in the same family, More important for personality development than the shared experiences

Birth Order Conscientiousness

More in first born

Birth Order Agreeableness and Openness to Experience

More in last born

Birth Order - Extraversion and Neuroticism

Depends on facets

Only children

between first and last on most traits except for conscientiousness more like first

Middle children

are mediator (high agreeableness)

Language and learning in childhood

sensitive critical periods children are genetically prepared for language acquisition (Chomsky), Experience/Stimulation/Function is critical - "use it or lose it", Most organisms are pre-wired or prepared for life experience in some ways, Biology doesn't determine outcome but plays important role by influencing what we attend to and learn quickly

Evolved psychology mechanisms (EPM)

behaviors that were adoptive in ancestral history

Proximal causation

current ex. sex "feels good"

Distal causation

our evolutionary past initially to pass on genes

Sensation seeking

More risk sex à more reproduction, Impulsivity à new opportunities for resources, greater vigilance for ancestors, More feel good neurotransmitters
Trade off- high mortality, high pathogen prevalence

Physical attractiveness

Waist to hip ratio, Men - "V shape and height", Women - hourglass figure

Facial Attractiveness

Face provides visual signs of fertility and health - symmetry, hormone markers, Golden ratio - some facial features lead to be judged attractive

Across cultures - women and men wanted

Kind and understanding, exciting personality, intelligent and healthy

Mate preferences

Preferences that promote reproductive success will be selected

Women mate preferences

prefer men who are providers, good earning capacity

Men male preferences

prefer females who shows signs of fertility, physically attractive

Paternal investment

Mate Preferences - biological difference between sexes case women to invest more in parenting

Parental probability theory

Jealousy - male distress over fidelity, uncertain whether child is his

Jealousy in men

have greater concern about sexual rivals and place greater value on chastity

Jealousy in women

distress over emotional attachment, potential loss of husband's resources

Men age preferences

Men in 20's - interested in younger and slightly older women (both still fertile), Men in 30's - interested in women who are 5 years younger, Men in 50's - interested in women who are 10 - 12 year young

Women age preferences

attracted to men who are older

Kelly's view

Behavior = F (Perception ([S]), Most important - how individual uniquely perceives, interprets, constructs the world

Constructive Alternativism

There may be an objective truth but we can't know it - can construe it, There are alternative ways to construe the same event, We should play with "make believe" check the "what-ifs" try alternative construct and see where they lead you

Constructive Alternativism Goal

We are victims of how we constructed out past, Goal: reconstruct self in new ways, become a new person and behave in new ways

Push theory

(carrot theory) - people motivated by external reinforcers, rewards and punishments (behaviorist)

Pull theory

internal drives/motives that push or propel the person forward (psychoanalytic theories)

Jackass Theory

organism is always attractive: cognitively active - always processing information

Dynamics of functioning

interplay of A wish to expand construct system (anxiety provoking) and Desire to avoid threat of disruption of that system

Psychopathology

problems lie in malfunctioning / disorder of the construct system

Fixed therapy role

helping the client to try new constructs, new ways of thinking and behaving (not completely reconstructing person)

Experimentation

Conditions for change - create atmosphere in therapy session - try out new constructs, new ways of thinking, and behaving

New elements

Conditions for change - experiences person to construe

Validation data

Conditions for change - feedback whether the constructions work