ANAPHY LEC LESSON 2: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

Organization of Human Body (simplest to most complex)

chemical-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

Chemical Level

all matter is composed of atoms containing protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons

atomic number equals the number of _________

Protons + Neutrons

atomic mass equals the ____________

Protons and neutrons

contained in the central nucleus of an atom

Electrons

____________ circle the nucleus

Protons

positively charged ions

Neutrons

they have no electrical charge

Electrons

negatively charged ions

Isotopes

atoms that have additional or missing neutrons

Radioisotope

if an isotope freely gives off particles. It is used for diagnostic purposes and will check if there is uptake of isotopes in cells

Covalent Bond

atoms share electrons

Ionic Bond

atoms give off and receive electrons

Water

serves key function in the body

Water

separate ionically bonded atoms into ions to create electrolytes

5 functions of water in human body

water chemically separates ionically bonded molecules into individual ions called eletrolytes

5 functions of water in human body

water works as a lubricant in tears and fluid of joints

5 functions of water in human body

water aid is in chemical reactions, as in saliva during digestion.

5 functions of water in human body

water is used to transport nutrients and wastes in blood plasma

5 functions of water in human body

water is used for temperature regulation

2 basic parts of solution

solutes and solvent

Concentration

amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent

Hypertonic Solution

it is more concentrated with solutes than the other solution.

Hypertonic solution

could lead to cell shrinkage due to excess fluid that will be released

Isotonic solution

it has same concentration of solutes as the other solution

Isotonic solution

has 270-300 osmolality, There is equal concentration inside and outside of the cell

Hypotonic solution

it is less concentrated with solutes than other solutions.

Hypotonic solution

it can cause cells to swell.

Acids

hydrogen ions (H+) donors

Base

hydrogen ions (H+) acceptor

pH scale

used to measure acidity and alkalinity

Normal pH level of Urine

5.00-6.50 (if higher, it could indicate UTI)

4 Organic Molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

formed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms (2 hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom)

Carbohydrates

primary source of nutrient energy for body cells

Carbohydrates

classified by molecular size due to number of bonded subunits

Monosaccharides

these are simple sugars

Monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrate

Monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates

Glucose

major fuel for cells

Fructose and galactose

6-carbon simple sugars found in foods

Disaccharides

formed by chemically combining 2 monosaccharides

Disaccharides

examples are maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Polysaccharides

formed by chemically combining many monosaccharides

Glycogen

animal carbohydrate storage

Starch

plant carbohydrate storage

Lipids

it uses carbon atoms to form the backbone of the molecule

Lipids

There are many more hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms

Lipids

building blocks are often glycerol and fatty acids

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins.

Proteins

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms

Proteins

consists of an amine group, acid group, and a R group.

20

___ different types of amino acids, each differ in their R groups

Polypeptide

long strings of amino acids that fold to form functional proteins.

2 types of Nucleic Acids

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides is composed of

1 pentose sugar, 1 phosphate and 1 nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous base of DNA

guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine

Nitrogenous base of RNA

guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil

Triplets

nucleotides are arranged in three-letter sequence called ________

Triplets

determine the genetic code

Gene

code instructions such as how to make a protein molecule

Chemical reactions

molecules must come together to react

Metabolism

the total of all chemical reactions in the body

Speed of Reactions

1. Concentration of the reactant is increased 2. The speed of the reactants is increased by adding heat 3. A catalyst is used.

Cellular Respiration

one of the most important chemical reactions in the body

Cellular Respiration

glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide and water

ATP

usable form of energy for the cell.

Organelles

are suspended within the cell in a fluid called cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

a phospholipid bilayer that gives structure to the cell and regulates what may enter and leave the cell

Cell Membrane

outermost part of the cell

Extracellular substances

substances outside the cell

Intracellular substances

substances inside the cell

Phospholipids

primary component of a cell membrane and are composed of hydrophilic glycerol head and two fatty acid hydrophobic chains.

Hydrophobic

water-fearing chains

Hydrophilic

water-loving glycerol heads

Bilayer

means that the glycerol head face the extracellular and intracellular fluids and that the fatty acid chains face toward each other (away from the fluids)

Phospholipids

are not rigidly connected; they float side by side in what is called fluid mosaic.

Nucleus

part of the cell that houses the DNA

Nucleus

site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

Nucleus

it is located in a variable location within a cell.

Mitochondria

organelles that perform cellular respiration, and the process the energy of ATP

Mitochondria

rod shaped; enclosed by a membrane

Mitochondria

found in large numbers in cells with high energy demands.

Ribosomes

organelles that assemble proteins

Ribosomes

found in cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

sheets of membrane extending from nuclear membrane

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

it has many ribosomes attached and it is the site for protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

it participates in detoxification and the site of lipid synthesis

Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)

membrane-enclosed folds usually close to the ER

Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)

extensive in cells involved in protein and lipid production

Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)

receives and modifies proteins and lipids produced in the cell

Secretory Vesicles

membrane packages bubbled off the Golgi Complex that contain the inspected and modifed products of the Golgi complex.

Secretory Vesicles

found in large numbers in cells that produce proteins for export out of the cell.

Secretory Vesicles

carry materials from the Golgi complex to the cell membrane for export outside the cell

Lysosomes

membrane-bound packages of enzymes

Lysosomes

found in large numbers in cells require to destroy materials (WBC destroy bacteria)

Lysosomes

store and isolate enzymes often used for intracellular digestion until they are needed.

Receptor

for hormones and other specific chemicals

Channels

are passageways for transport of substances in and out of the cell that cannot travel through the phospholipid bilayer