BIOL 307 Chapters 17 and 18

Ventilation

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs aka breathing

Inspiration

The movement of air into the lungs aka inhalation

Expiration

The movement of air out of the lungs aka exhalation

Alveoli

A series of interconnected sacs and their associated pulmonary capillaries

Diaphragm

A dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

Tidal Volume

The volume on air that moves during a single inhalation or exhalation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The additional volume of air you inhale past the tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal exhale

Residual Volume

The volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation

Total Lung Capacity

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume

Vital Capacity

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume

Explain what we need oxygen for and why need to get rid of carbon dioxide?

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration and carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism

Gases always flow down their…

partial pressure gradients

Air flow into or out of the lungs…

follows and is caused by pressure changes in the lung which occur because of volume changes in the lung

Hypoxia

A state of too little oxygen

Hypercapnia/Hypocapnia

Hyper- elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide

Hypo- lower concentrations of carbon dioxide

Erythrocyte

Red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the tissues

Hemoglobin

The oxygen-binding protein that gives red blood cells their color

Oxygenated/ Deoxygenated

Oxygenated- Saturated with oxygen

Deoxygenated- Lack of oxygen

affinity( of hemoglobin for O2)

The relationship between oxygen tension of blood and its oxygen content

Saturated( as for hemoglobin)

hemoglobin molecules ability to bind to 4 oxygen molecules during transport in the blood

O2 and CO2 only move through

simple diffusion into the body

What is the difference between concentration and partial pressure?

Partial pressure is the amount of a molecule within the air and solution at equilibrium. Concentration is the solubility of a molecule within two mediums ( from air to water)

Explain how CO2 is transported in the blood

70% of the CO2 that enters the body is converted to HCO3 and H+. HCO3 leaves in an antiport protein while H+ acts as a buffer for hemoglobin

Where is the location of motor neurons that control involuntary breathing?

Pons and Medulla

Why the equation runs backwards in the lungs?

Because the partial pressure of CO2 is relatively low in the lung capillaries

1 refers to

Pharynx

2 refers to

Nasal Cavity

3 refers to

Vocal Chords

4 refers to

Tongue

5 refers to

Esophagus

6 refers to

Larynx

7 refers to

Trachea

8 refers to

Left Lung

9 refers to

Left Bronchus

CO2 + H2O = HCO3 + H

Carbon dioxide will break down into bicarbonate and acid. Bicarbonate will work as a buffer