chapter 23

What is the essential organ in the male reproductive system

testes

Where is sperm made

testes

What is the scrotum

pouch that supports testes

What does the septum in the scrotum do

divides testes into right and left

What is the temperature sperm requires for production

2-3 degrees Celsius below

What is the function of the cremaster muscle

raise and lower testes to adjust temperature

What are paired oval glands

testes

What is the function of the homologous structure

determines chromosomes

When do the testes descend

7th month of fetal development

What chromosomes are male

XY

What chromosomes are female

XX

How many lobules are in the seminiferous tubules

200-300

What is the function of seminiferous tubules

produce sperm

What lines the testes

spermatagonia, Sertoli cells, interstitial cells

How many chromosomes are given from each parent

23

What cell does meiosis make

haploid cells

What are diploid cells

paired homologous chromosomes

What are haploid cells

unpaired chromosomes

What cells are gametes

haploid cells

What is required for gamete production

meiosis

What forms the blood test is barrier

sertoli cells

What is the function of Sertoli cells

produce fluid and control sperm release into the lumen

What do Sertoli cells secrete

inhibin

What is the function of inhibin

slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH

What is the function of leydig "interstitial" cells

secrete testosterone

Where are leydig "interstitial" cells located

between seminiferous tubules

What do spermatogenic cells create

spermatogonia

If there is enough sperm being produced, would there be more or less inhibin

more

What are the stages of spermatogenesis

meiosis 1, meiosis 2, spermiogenesis

Where does spermatogenesis occur

seminiferous tubules and epididymis

What cells are involved in spermatogenesis

spermatagonia, Sertoli cells, interstitial cells (leydig)

What holds mature sperm

epididymis

Where does spermatogenesis move through

rete testes and efferent ductules

When does a male start spermatogenesis

puberty

How long does it take for the first sperm to release from spermatogenesis

65-75 days

What stage do spermatogonium divide

mitosis

When do chromosomes replicate for sperm

meiosis 1

What occurs in meiosis 1 for sperm

exchange genetic material

When are sperm cells haploids

after cell division in meiosis 1

What are the sperm cells from meiosis 1

secondary spermatocytes

What occurs in meiosis 2 for sperm

cells divide and have one copy of each chromatid in each

What are the sperm cells called after meiosis 2

spermatids

What cell is needed for spermiogenesis

sertoli cells

How many mature cells are made from spermiogenesis

4

Once spermatids go through spermiogenesis, what are the cells called

spermatozoa

What percentage of chromosomes do sperm hold

50%

What decides the X or Y chromosome

sperm

How much sperm is made a day

300 million

How long does sperm live in the female tract

48 hours

What is the role of the tail in sperm

motility; travel through fallopian tube

What is the role of the middle head in sperm

has mitochondria; makes energy

What is the role of the head in sperm

has 23 chromosomes and acrosomal cap

What is the purpose of the acrosomal cap

has enzymes that penetrate the egg

What occurs in prophase 1 for spermatogenesis

crossing over; exchange of genes

How many viable cells are male

4

How many viable cells are female

1

How many daughter cells are made from spermatogenesis

4

What does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do

promotes secretion of FSH and LH

What and where does binding to change genetic activity for testosterone effects occur

testosterone and DHT in nucleus

If there is a slow sperm production, is more inhibin released or less

less; more FSH

Are erections a parasympathetic or sympathetic response

parasympathetic

Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic

sympathetic

What is the function of seminal vesicles

make most of the fluid of sperm

Where is the prostate gland located

surrounds the urethra

What is the function of bulbourethral glands

secretes mucus fluid and more alkalinity for sperm

What is the function of the prostate gland for sperm

increases volume and adds antibiotics

What is the function of alkalinity

neutralize acid in tracts

What is the function of prostaglandins

activation of sperm

What is the root of the penis

attached portion

What is the function of the urethra

passage for semen and urine

What is the dorsal body of the penis

corpora cavernosa

What is the midventral body of the penis

corpus spongiosum

What body of the penis contains the urethra

midventral (corpus spongiosum)

What covers the uncircumcised glans penis

prepuce

What does the dilation of penile arteries cause

erection

Is ovum singular or plural

singular

Is ova singular or plural

plural

What are ovaries

paired organs on each side of the uterus

What is the function of the female urethra

carries urine out

What is the function of the vagina

reproduction

True or false; there is a direct connection between the fallopian (uterine) tube and ovary

false; no direct connection

What cavity are the female reproductive organs found in

pelvic

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete

progesterone, relaxin, inhibin, estrogen

Is menopause caused by a female running out of eggs or a hormone receptor problem

hormone receptor problem

Where do female follicles develop

ovarian cortex

What is the outer structure of an ovary

ovarian cortex

What is the inner structure of an ovary

ovarian medulla

What is present in the post ovulatory phase

corpus luteum

Do females have all eggs before birth, or do they make more as they grow

have all eggs before birth

When does meiosis 1 begin in females

before birth; utero

When does meiosis 1 finish in females

puberty

When are oogonias formed

fetal development

When are primary oocytes formed

before birth

At the end of meiosis 1 in females, what cells are produced

haploid cells; secondary oocyte and polar body

True or false; the primary body has more cytoplasm

false; secondary oocyte has more cytoplasm

When is meiosis 2 complete in females

fertilization

When does a diploid zygote form

sperm and ovum unite

Where does implantation occur

uterus

Where does fertilization occur

fallopian (uterine) tube

What cell is discarded during a female's period

polar body