Byzantine Empire

Judea

territory in present-day Israel that was formerly known as Judah that had been made into a Roman province

Procurator

official in charge of running a Roman province. Like a governor or mayor.

Sadducees

Jewish priests who had an influence on the lives of Jews in Judaea - followed strict written law of Judaism - did not believe in a coming Messiah - wanted to cooperate with the Romans

Pharisees

Educated Jewish leaders who were politically involved in Judaea - followed written and oral traditions - believed in a coming Messiah - opposed Roman opposition to their religious laws

Essenes

Group of people living in Judaea who lived separate from other people and lived a communal lifestyle

Zealots

Jewish people who sought to overthrow Roman rule using violent tactics as necessary

Jesus

Jewish teacher who claimed to be the Messiah - led to the creation of Christianity - comes to be called Jesus Christ

Christianity

monotheistic religion which stemmed from Judaism - created by the teachings of Jesus

catacombs

places in caves where the dead were buried

How did Jesus' teachings create problems for the Romans?

People thought that he had come to overthrow Roman authority in Judaea. His teachings also differed from those of traditional Jewish beliefs

Pontius Pilate

Roman procurator of the province of Judaea who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus

Apostles

leaders of Christianity

Simon Peter

leader of the Apostles

Paul

educated Jew who had originally persecuted Christians but then later became a follower of Jesus

Gentiles

non-Jews living in the area

Jews

people who followed a religion called Judaism and lived in Judah (Judaea)

What is the Greek word for Christ?

Christos

Epistles

written letters with messages that promoted Christianity

New Testament

the second part of the Christian Bible - account of Jesus' life and teachings

What people comprised the early Christian population?

Most were Jews and Greek-speaking people. Latin speaking followers came later

Why did the Romans persecute the Christians?

Christians refused to worship the Roman gods and emperors. As a result, Christians would often meet in the catacombs to worship.

Clergy

Church leaders in the Christian church structure

Laity

regular church members of Christianity

Summarize the growth of Christianity in the first, second, and third centuries?

It grew as the Romans persecuted them. The more persecution by the Romans, the larger the number of Christians

Why was Christianity so popular in the Roman world? (3 main reasons)

Christianity was personal, offered salvation and eternal life, and gave life meaning. Christianity seemed familiar - salvation and the afterlife were common beliefs, but Jesus made it personal. Christianity filled the need to belong.

Which class of people did Christianity attract? Why?

All classes were drawn to Christianity but especially the poor and powerless, There was no distinction between classes in Christianity. It was open to all.

Diocletian

an emperor who led the last great persecution efforts to try and end Christianity. (obviously failed)

Constantine

first Christian emperor - co-author of the Edict of Milan

Licinius

eastern emperor and co-author of the Edict of Milan

Edict of Milan

ruling by Constantine and Licinius that made Christianity legal

Theodosius

Roman leader who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

What happened during the reign of Marcus Aurelius?

Marcus Aurelius was the last of the "good" emperors, but natural disasters struck Rome - seemed to give a message that Rome's power was doomed.

Septimius Severus

Military-style leader who led a military state in Rome after the death of Marcus Aurelius

Describe Roman leadership after the Severan rulers

unsettled - in a state of flux, military in nature, corrupt

Sassanid Persians

invaders of the Roman Empire from the East

Germanic Tribes

invaders of the Roman Empire north of Italy in Europe

plague

epidemic disease that spreads rapidly

What were some of the issues the Roman Empire faced in the third century?

invasions, plague, civil war, inflation

Describe the Late Roman Empire. (Include Diocletian's structure)

The Roman Empire was divided into 2 parts - ruled by 4 prefectures (2 in the east and 2 in the west)

tetrarchy

a rule by 4 individuals

Describe how Constantine helped develop the Eastern Roman Empire

He built up Byzantium as a "New Rome". This protected the Eastern front. He enriched the city with culture - included a forum, palaces, and an amphitheater

Describe the economic and social policies of Diocletian and Constantine

Civil service programs were created, the army was enlarged, a structured hierarchy of control was established, a price edict was established to set wages and price controls, Workers were forced to remain in their jobs - jobs became hereditary, Everything was based on coercion and control.

How did the Rhine and Danube play a role in the Roman Empire?

they were part of the borders for the Roman Empire

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Leader of the Huns

Attila (the Hun)

Visigoths

A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.

Vandals

One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman empire.

Masters of the Soldiers

Powerful Roman Military Officials who controlled the government

What were some explanations for the decline of the Roman Empire (particularly the Western Roman Empire)?

Invasions from barbaric Tribes and plagues

____preists________________

leaders of local Christian communities

____parishes________________

the local Christian communities led by priests

_____bishop_______________

head of a group of parishes

bishopric________

diocese-area of authority for a bishop

________archbishop____________

head of the bishoprics in each Roman province

4 great cities of the bishops

__Rome__________________, ____Jerusalem________________, Alexandria, Antioch Antioch no longer exists

Where does the word pope come from

Peter was seen as the first __bishop__________________of Rome. The word pope is Latin for papa meaning “__father__________________” popes become known as the leader of the Catholic Church the western Christian Church

Gregory I

6th century pope who _strengthened___________________ the power of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church took __control__________________ of the surrounding territories (papal states) thus gaining political power for the pope

monks

men who ______seperated______________ themselves from society to ____dedicate________________ themselves to God

monasticism

practice of __living__________________ a life as a monk

Benedict

___founder_________________ of the monastic life who established a set of rules for this type of lifestyle __Benedictine rule__________________ rule

Describe life in a monastery according to Benedictine rule.

Daily life was divided between __prayer__________________ and manual ____work________________ physical work was required of all monks prayer was the main focus which included private meditation and reading all gathered 7 times per day together for prayer and chanting of psalms. Everything was done together.

abbot

“_____father_______________” of a monastery

scriptorium

____writing________________ room where monks copied early written works including the Bible

parchment

__sheepskin__________________ used for writing

missionaries

__people__________________ sent out to carry a religious ____message________________

nuns

__women__________________ who separate themselves from society to dedicate themselves to God

convents

__place__________________ where nuns lived separately from society

abbess

the _head___________________ of a convent

Leoba

_______nun_____________ who established the ____first________________ convent in Germany

How did Germanic peoples impact Rome in the fifth century

____Ostrogoths________________s took control of Italy and along with the Visigoths took control limiting the power of Roman people.

Angles

__germaninc__________________ tribes from __denmark__________________ and northern Germany who moved in and settled in Britain.

Saxons and angles

germanic__________________ tribes from denmark____________ and northern Germany who moved in and settled in Britain.

Anglo-saxons

combination__________________ of the two Germanic tribes that settled in Britain and blended their culture

The Franks

__germanic__________________ tribe who lasted longer than the others

Clovis

__German__________________ who established the __Franks__________________ as a kingdom, converted to Christianity and gained favor with the Roman Catholic Church

What was the name of the Christian Church in Rome in the fifth century?

_Roman Catholic Church___________________

Why did the Frankish kingdom divide into three areas

The sons of Clovis _divided___________________the territory after his death.

Compare and Contrast the Roman family structure to the German family structure

Both

__male__________________ dominant member of families

Both ____crimes________________ had punishments Different

Roman ___crimes_________________ were considered against the state trials held

German crimes were considered __personal__________________ feud/bloodshed revenge likely

Different

Rome laws codified

German __wergild__________________ fine for a wrongdoing depended on status of person in society

German used the __ordeal__________________ to determine guilt (divine intervention)

wergild

“____money for a man________________” fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of injured or killed person

Ordeal

method to determine _guilt___________________ in Germanic law (__divine intervention__________________ intervention) like a trial (not formal)

Pepin

Frankish __mayor_________________who declared himself king of the Franks opening the door for his sons to become future kings ____first________________ Carolingian to become king

Charles Martel

leader who defeated the Muslims at the __Battle of Tours__________________ in 732 father to Pepin

Charles the Great

(__Charlemagne__________________) son of Pepin who ruled from 768

Carolingian Empire

Frankish empire from North Sea to Italy and France to ____vienna________________

Counts

German __nobles__________________ who acted as the king’s chief local representatives

missi dominici

__messengers__________________ of the lord king men sent to local districts to ensure counts carried out the king’s wishes

Carolingian Renaissance

__rebirth__________________ an intellectual revival to promote education in the Frankish kingdom

Justinian

____emperor________________ of the Eastern Roman Empire expanded the control of the Mediterranean as it had held power before __codified__________________ Roman law creating The Body of Civil Law

Belisarius

arguably the best __general__________________of the Roman world who led the army for Justinian