Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

Flashcards for Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

Mental states that cause people to engage in behavior directed toward achieving some goal.

Activating

A quality of motivation that stimulates us to do something.

Directive

A quality of motivation that guides our behaviors toward meeting specific goals or needs.

Sustaining

A quality of motivation that helps us sustain behaviors until we achieve our goals.

Need

A state of being deficient in biological or social factors.

Drive

An internal psychological state that motivates behaviors to satisfy a need.

Drive Reduction

The satisfaction of a need which reduces a drive.

Optimal Level of Arousal

The level of arousal at which people are motivated to engage in behaviors.

Pleasure Principle

The principle that people are motivated to engage in behaviors that make them feel good.

Incentives

External factors that motivate behaviors.

Need Hierarchy

An arrangement of needs in which basic survival needs must be met first. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is often depicted as a pyramid, where higher-level needs become motivational once lower-level needs are satisfied.

Self-Actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities.

Equilibrium

A stable condition that basic biological drives maintain.

Homeostasis

Tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium.

Set Point

Indicates homeostasis for the system.

Arousal

Physiological activation, such as increased brain activity.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The law that states performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point.

Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity.

Extrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform an activity to achieve an external goal.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls glucose levels in the blood.

Ghrelin

A hormone secreted by an empty stomach that increases eating behavior.

Leptin

A hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases eating behavior.

Hypothalamus

The brain structure that most influences eating.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

The brain region associated with feeling full.

Limbic System

Brain region associated with response to tasty food.

Satiety System

Stops eating.

Hyperphagia

Abnormally increased appetite for consumption of food.

Need to Belong Theory

The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.

Achievement Motivation

The need, or desire, to attain a certain standard of excellence.

Self-Efficacy

The expectation that your efforts will lead to success.

Grit

A deep passion for goals and a willingness to keep working toward them.

Emotion

An immediate, specific, negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts.

Primary Emotions

Evolutionarily adaptive emotions that are shared across cultures.

Secondary Emotions

Blends of primary emotions.

Moods

Spread-out, long-lasting emotional states without an identifiable object of trigger.

Valence

The degree of positiveness or negativeness of an emotion.

Arousal (Emotion)

The level of physiological activation associated with an emotion.

James-Lange Theory

Emotions result from the experience of physiological reactions in the body.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The muscles used to create a facial expression trigger your experience of emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotions and bodily responses both occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory

Emotion is influenced by the cognitive label we apply to explain physiological changes.

Misattribution of Arousal

Mistakenly attributing arousal to the wrong source.

Excitation Transfer

Residual physiological arousal caused by one event is transferred to a new stimulus.

Amygdala

Involved in the perception of social stimuli.

Thought Suppression

Trying not to feel or respond to an emotion at all.

Rumination

Thinking about, elaborating, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings.

Positive Reappraisal

Altering emotional reactions by thinking about events in more neutral terms.

Display Rules

Rules that dictate what emotions are suitable in certain situations.

Affect-as-Information Theory

People use their current moods to make decisions and judgements.

Guilt

A negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation

What are the pyramid levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need?

1. Psychological needs,

2. safety needs,

3. love and belongingness,

4. esteem needs,

5. self-actualization.