OVARIES

Follicular cyst (physiological cysts) development (2)

1. Follicle fails to rupture

2. Fills with fluid = cyst

Follicular cyst (physiological cysts) clinical feature (3)

1. Palpable mass

2. Pelvic pain OR

3. Asymptomatic

Luteal cyst development (2)

1. Corpus luteum doesn’t involute

2. Fills with fluid = cyst

PCOS age

Pre-menopausal

PCOS Cause (2)(2)(1)

1. Associated metabolic features

   1. Obesity

   2. Insulin resistance 

2. Androgen

   1. Follicles don’t ovulate

PCOS Clinical feature (4)

1. Hirtuism

2. Acne

3. Anovulation/menstrual irregularities

4. Infertility

PCOS Gross morphology (3)

1. Many cysts in the ovary

2. Bilateral

3. Enlarged ovaries

Serous cystadenoma origin

Fallopian tubes

Serous cystadenoma types (2)

1. Low grade

2. High grade

Serous cystadenoma low grade Cause

A piece of fallopian tube forms a cyst in ovary = Ovarian epithelial inclusion

Serous cystadenoma low grade progression (3)

1. Mutation in KRAS and BRAF

2. Borderline serous cystadenoma (Low malignant potential)

3. Progress to Low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC)

Serous cystadenoma low grade gross morphology (3)

1. Lined with serous epithelium 

2. Watery fluid

3. Can be bilateral

Borderline serous cystadenoma gross morphology (2)

1. Smooth surface

2. Papillary projection

Low Grade Serous Carcinoma (LGSC) gross morphology

1. Full of papillary projections

2. Nodular irregularities

High Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC) cause (4)

1. Mutation in TP53 OR

2. Mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 →

3. Spread to ovaries

Symptoms of ovarian tumors (ALL) (3)

1. Pelvic or abdominal pain

2. GI symptoms

3. Sense of abdominal fullness or pressure

Risk factors of Ovarian tumors (ALL) (3)

1. Nulliparity

2. Age

3. Family history

Preventative factors of Ovarian tumors (ALL) (5)

1. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

2. Opportunistic saplingectomy

3. Oral contraceptives

4. Breastfeeding

5. Pariety

Teratomas are derived from

Germ cells