Matter in our Surroundings ( Prashant Kirad )

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Particles of Matter

Tiny building blocks such as atoms that make up matter.

Evaporation

The process of a liquid turning into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point.

Diffusion

The mixing of a substance with another due to the movement of its particles.

Kinetic Energy

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

Plasma

The fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas with free electrons and ions.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

A state of matter formed at extremely low temperatures, predicted by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas at atmospheric pressure.

Latent Heat

The heat energy required to change a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from solid to gas without becoming liquid.

Deposition

The change of state from gas to solid without passing through the liquid phase.

Compressibility

The measure of how much a substance can be compressed.

States of Matter

The distinct forms that different phases of matter take on, commonly solid, liquid, and gas.

Inter-particle forces

Forces that act between particles in a substance.

Constant Motion

The idea that particles of matter are always in motion.

Observation

The act of noticing or perceiving something.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

1. They are very small, 2) Have space between them, 3) Are constantly moving, 4) Attract each other.

Physical Properties

Characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance's chemical composition.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that become evident during a chemical reaction.

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Humidity

The amount of water vapor in the air.

Surface Area

The total area that the surface of an object occupies.

Cooling due to Evaporation

The process where the evaporation of liquids causes a decrease in temperature of the remaining liquid.

Condensation

The process of a gas turning into a liquid.

Pressure

The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area.

Damp Clothes

Clothes that contain a certain level of moisture and require evaporation to dry.

Observation Lesson

A lesson that emphasizes learning through experience and observation.

Physical state change

Alteration of a substance's state from solid, liquid, or gas.

Energy Absorption

The gaining of energy needed for a chemical or physical change.

Room Temperature

The range of air temperatures that people prefer for indoor settings.

Molecular Motion

Movement of particles in different states of matter.

Natural Plasmas

Plasmas that occur naturally, like in stars.

Man-Made Plasmas

Plasmas that are created artificially, such as in neon signs.

Force of Attraction

The force that pulls particles of the same substance together.

Flowing Liquids

Liquids that can slip and slide past each other.

Example of Diffusion

The spreading of a perfume fragrance in air.

High Speed Movement

Movement of gas particles in all directions at a rapid pace.

Variables Affecting Evaporation

Factors such as temperature, humidity, surface area, and wind speed that influence evaporation rates.

Particles far apart

The arrangement of particles in gases.

Heat energy transfer

The process of heat moving from one object to another.

Fluid pressure

Pressure exerted by fluids in equilibrium.

Fixed shape

Characteristic of solids, meaning their shape does not change.

Takes the shape of the container

Characteristic of liquids, meaning they adapt to the shape of their surroundings.

Example of boiling

The conversion of water from liquid to steam at its boiling point.

Experiments in Science

Activities designed to test hypotheses and observe outcomes.

Conductivity

The ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat.

Thermal Expansion

The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.

Transpiration

The process by which moisture is carried through plants and released as vapor.

Filtering

The process of removing impurities from a liquid or gas.

Gas Diffusion

The process through which gas particles spread out from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Energy Transfer

The movement of energy from one place or object to another.

Dry Ice

Solid carbon dioxide that sublimates into carbon dioxide gas.

Cubic Metre

The SI unit of volume.

Kilogram

The SI unit of mass.

Litre

A common unit of measuring liquid volume.

Pressure and Temperature relationship

The dependence of the physical state of matter on pressure and temperature.

Example of sublimation

Dry ice turning into gas without melting.

Evaporation vs. Boiling

Evaporation occurs at any temperature, while boiling occurs at a specific boiling point.

Evaporation Causes Cooling

Evaporation absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a cooling effect.

Particles occupy space

The concept that particles in matter are separated by spaces.

Disorderly arrangement

The arrangement of gas particles which is random and chaotic.

Cryogenics

The study of the production and behavior of materials at very low temperatures.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A theory that explains the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion.

Thermal Energy

The total energy of all particles in a substance.

Phases of matter

The different forms in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Room Pressure

The average atmospheric pressure experienced at ground level.

Vacuum

A space devoid of matter, where pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.

Clarifying Cold Drinks

The process used in houses to make cold drinks more appealing.

Thermal Conductor

A material that allows heat to flow through it easily.

Energy and Matter Interaction

How energy being absorbed or released interacts with matter.

Behavior of gases

How gases react under different conditions of pressure and temperature.

Temperature Measurements

Methods used to quantify temperature including Celsius and Kelvin.