Test 3

Role of Socialization

Teaching to conform to societies standards

Gender similarities hypothesis

Everyone is more alike than we think

Gender identity vs. expression

Identity: How you feel

Expression: How you express yourself

Genderqueer

Non binary

Intersectionality

Ways that social statuses interact and result in differing experiences with oppression and privilege

Basic history of intersectionality

• Crenshaw first named intersectionality in 1989

• Disconnect between who they seek to serve

• Social identities are inextricable from one another

• Analysis of power and privilege

  with an emphasis on social

  justice

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

One must address one’s basic needs before addressing higher needs (happiness)

Health disparities

Higher risk to illness, injury, disability, or mortality based on group status

Healthcare disparities

Difference in health coverage, access, and quality of care due to group status

Interpersonal and structural causes of health and health care disparities

Interpersonal: Discrimination, violence, interactions between individuals

Structural: Governing process, economic and social polices that affect pay, working conditions, etc.

Allostatic load

The physiological cost of chronic stress

Community-based participatory research

Approach to research with collaboration on research projects that created more understanding of economic complexities

Immigrant paradox

The longer someone is in the US, the higher the risk of mental disorder

Pros and cons of diagnosis; DSM’s attempts to be more culturally inclusive

Pros:

Cons: Doesn’t account for multiple cultures, symptoms present differently across cultures

Prevalence

Proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period

Incidence

Number of new cases

Lifetime Incidence

Number of people diagnosed in a lifetime

In what ways is talk therapy culturally biased?

Psychology is taught through a Eurowestern lens, lacks inclusivity, and fails to represent other cultures

Gender differences in mental illness

Women: Internalize disorders, silence themselves

Men: Externalize disorders

Elements of multicultural competence

awareness, knowledge, skills

What we know about cultural matching

Clients show some preference towards racially-matched therapists, but outcomes do not clearly support this

Goals of social justice counseling

• Aim for equal access and opportunity

• Reduce institutional disparities

• Consider micro, meso, and macro levels in assessment, treatment, and diagnosis

• Broaden counselor role to include advocacy, consultation, change agent, etc.