Human Anatomy and Physiology: The Nervous System

These flashcards cover key concepts, functions, and structures related to the nervous system as described in the lecture notes.

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What is the primary function of the central nervous system?

To process information and coordinate body activities.

What is the role of neurons in the nervous system?

To transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

What is neurotransmission?

The process through which signals are transmitted between neurons using neurotransmitters.

List the key physiological functions of the nervous system.

Sensory input, integration, motor output, and homeostatic regulation.

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system activates 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

What are mechanoreceptors responsible for?

Detecting touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

What characterizes Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

A progressive disease affecting motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

What is the function of astrocytes in the nervous system?

To support and protect neurons while maintaining homeostasis.

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances while regulating the passage of nutrients.

What are some of the common types of neurological disorders?

Stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

How does myelin sheath affect nerve impulse transmission?

It increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission by insulating axons and allowing jumps between nodes.

What is the role of the hippocampus in the limbic system?

Essential for learning and forming new memories.

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

To connect the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the limbs and organs, facilitating communication throughout the body.

What are the two major types of cells in the nervous system?

Neurons and glial cells.

What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?

To support, nourish, and protect neurons.

What is the significance of the cerebellum in the brain?

It coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture and balance.

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation?

Serotonin.

What is the role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

It acts as a relay station for sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex.

How do exteroceptors differ from interoceptors?

Exteroceptors detect external stimuli, while interoceptors monitor internal body conditions.

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

To control vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

What is synaptic plasticity?

It is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

What disorder is characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal brain activity?

Epilepsy.

What is the primary role of the somatic nervous system?

To control voluntary movements and