Transport in Humans

These flashcards cover vital concepts related to transport in humans, including circulatory functions, blood composition, and immune responses.

The need for transport systems in large, multicellular organisms is important because __ allows for the exchange of materials.

Cells are located far from the environment, necessitating a transport system.

Cells require a constant supply of nutrients and __, and they also need to remove waste products.

Oxygen

Digested food is transported from the __ to the cells of the body.

Ileum of the small intestine

Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea, are transported from the __ to the kidneys.

Liver cells

Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the __.

Lungs

Carbon dioxide is transported from the __ to the lungs for exhalation.

Cells of the body

Hormones are transported from __ to the organs of the body where their effects are needed.

Endocrine glands

The transport system is required because diffusion alone is __ in multicellular organisms.

Too slow

The heart is covered by a tough membrane called the __.

Pericardium

The human circulatory system consists of blood, __, and the heart.

Blood vessels

The __ is responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels.

Heart

The upper chambers of the heart are called __, while the lower chambers are called ventricles.

Atria

Blood flow from the body returns to the right atrium via the __.

Vena cava

The __ carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary artery

The __ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.

Pulmonary vein

The main artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body is called the __.

Aorta

Blood flows backward toward the atria is prevented by __.

Atrioventricular valves

The __ is a muscle wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart.

Septum

Deoxygenated blood is described as being __ and high in carbon dioxide.

Low in oxygen

During __, cardiac muscles of the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.

Ventricular systole

The __ sound of the heartbeat is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves.

Lub

The __ sound is produced when semi-lunar valves close in the heart.

Dub

The process where blood clumps due to mixing incompatible blood is called __.

Agglutination

Blood pressure is measured using a __.

Sphygmomanometer

A normal adult blood pressure reading is mmHg systolic over mmHg diastolic.

120-140; 80-90

Excess body weight and diet high in salt or cholesterol can lead to __.

Hypertension

Red blood cells carry __ from the lungs to body tissues.

Oxygen

Red blood cells contain a protein called __ for oxygen transport.

Hemoglobin

White blood cells that engulf pathogens are known as __.

Phagocytes

The two main types of white blood cells are __ and lymphocytes.

Phagocytes

Platelets play a crucial role in __ of blood.

Clotting

The soluble plasma protein that converts into fibrin during blood clotting is __.

Fibrinogen

People with blood group O are considered __ because their blood can be transfused into any other blood type.

Universal donors

Antigens present on the surface of red blood cells determine the __ of a blood group.

Type

The __ response is the immediate protective response of the immune system.

Nonspecific immune

The __ response involves recognition of specific pathogens and activation of immune cells.

Specific immune

Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes __.

Engulf and digest foreign particles

Inflammation is important for increasing __ flow to areas of injury or infection.

Blood

The __ response initiates when a pathogen breaches the first line of defense.

Second line of defense

In specific immunity, __ are the main cells that produce antibodies.

Lymphocytes

Contrary to red blood cells, white blood cells have a __.

Nucleus

are cell fragments vital for the clotting process in response to injury.

Platelets

The primary role of lymphocytes in immune response is to produce __.

Antibodies

The vascular system consists of __, veins, and capillaries.

Arteries

The function of capillaries is primarily to allow exchange of materials between __ and blood.

Tissue cells

The definition of __ is an organism's capability to resist or effectively fight pathogenic organisms.

Immunity

The specific immune response is often referred to as __ immunity.

Adaptive

Hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure, typically at or above __ mmHg systolic.

160

The rapid, generalized immune response against pathogens is called __.

Nonspecific immunity

Pathogens are recognized by the specific __ present on their external surfaces that trigger immune responses.

Antigens

The 'memory' ability of the immune system is established by __ lymphocytes after an infection.

Memory