health semester 1 2025

Bones

Key structures that protect and hold the body in place.

Cartilage

Protects the bone and absorbs impact.

Tendons

Connects muscle to bones.

Ligaments

Connects bones to bones.

Long bone

Longer bones made to support the body (femur).

Flat bone

Flat area for muscles to attach (scapula).

Short bone

Bones that are roughly cubical and provide stability and some movement (carpals).

Sesamoid bone

Small bones that protects tendons from stress and wear (patella).

Irregular bone

Have no regular shape (spine).

Hinge joint

Allows flexion and extension (elbows & knees).

Pivot joint

Rotation of the bone around another (neck & head).

Ball and socket joint

Allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation and circumduction (hip & leg).

Saddle joint

Allows flexion/extension, adduction (thumb).

Gliding joint

Allows a gliding movement (wrist).

Condyloid joint

Allows flexion/extension and sideways movement (wrist).

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle that pull on bones to create movement.

Name the three types of joints in the human body.

Immovable fibrous joints, slightly moveable cartilaginous joints, freely moveable synovial joints.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found on the walls of vital organs.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

What are the three functions of the muscular system?

Create movement, maintain good posture, maintain bodily functions.

Flexion

Decrease the angle between a joint (bending an arm).

Extension

Increase the angle between a joint (extending arm).

Circumduction

Movement of body part in a circle around joint (windmill stretch).

Rotation

Movement of body part around in a line (turning the head).

Adduction

Movement of a body part towards the midline of the body (leg raises).

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body (leg raises).