Hallucinogens : serotonin enhancers

Serotonin

neurotransmitter, central nervous system, mostly upper brain stem, regulation body temp/sleep/sensory perception, stimulationof receptos cause hallucinations

Iboga (taberanthe iboga)

woody shrub, Dogbane (apocynaceae family), native west Africa, used powder root, Used in Bwiti religion, indole alkaloid Ibogaine

Iboga history

shamanistic use, enhance psychic powers/increase inspiration/assit contemplation, incorporated oghanje ritual (women/children reveal former live secrets), Bwiti cult - vision of divinity/communication with spirit

Bwiti 

religious revitalization movement, in Gabon/Congo, period of social/cultural upheaveal (european contact), stress social cohesion/solidarity, used powder iboga root, elaborate night long ceremonies

Ibogaine

indole alkaloid, from iboga root, serotonin enhancer, hallucinations and interferes with motor skilld, dissociative properties that makes person highly suggestible, sensation of floating/flying

Ibogaine uses

calm opiate receptors reducing withdrawl symptoms (opiate addiction therapy), advocated for use in alchole/amphetamine/nictoine dependence treatment

Psilocybon mushroom (psilocybe,conocybe,Paneolus)

mushroom species, native central america, psilocybon and psilocin

history of psilocybon/teonanacatl

used by Atzec/Mayans to comminocate with spirtits and diagnose illness, caltholic spainsh conquest banished use, uses only persisted in isolated region (Oaxaca)

Western discovery of teonanactl

R. Gordon Wasson befriend Mazatec shaman (Maria Sabina), published about his experience with sacred mushroom ceremony, westerner influx compromosed traditional ceremony

Psilocybin and psilocin

from ‘magic’ mushroom, serotonin mimics, muscla relaxationa/pupil dilation, cause powerful hallucinations, cause metal and physical exhaustion, strong feeling of isolation (new reality), last 4-6 hours

Psilocybin as medical drug

synthesized by Hoffmann, distrubted for investigation in depression/anxiety/addiction treatment potential, research stop when became schedule 1 drug, synthetic is expensive, new gen research show potential for OCD/depression/premortality anxiety treatment, act on DMN (shuts off)

Default mode network (DMN)

interconnected brain regions, for recall/future anticipation/rumination,overact in depressed patient, shut off by serotonin enhancers

Virola or Epena (Virola species)

trees, native south america, use inner bark, DMT and Harmine, powder smoked through reed/bird bones or ingested as resin pellets, causes excitabillity followed by nausea/limb numbness/face twitching/ lack muscle coordination, cause visual hallucination (trun world upside down), after an hour cause deep sleep w/ ith distrubing visuals, believe spirits in tree, only men (shamans) used

collection of virola

Bark stripping method - outer bark stripped and resinous scappiung taken and thicken by boiling/ left oer sediment dried and powders, Bark resin method -strip and left for day before blood red resin scraped away/ knead and strain resin boiled into thick syrup that get sun dried and powdered

additive of virola snuff

ashed bark of theobroma subincanum or leguminous tree Eloizabetha princeps, fresh aromatic leaves of Justicia pectoralis (smell better)

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

tryptamine alkaloids, serotonin enhancers, from virola inner bark / yopo seeds/ chacruna leaves

Harmine (and harmaline) 

Beta-carboline alkaloids, inhibits monoamine oxidase, prolongs effect of DMT

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

enzyme, degrades serotonin, inhibit by beta0carboline alkaloids (harmine and Harmaline)

Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina)

leguminous tree, native south america, seeds used, DMT/Harmine/Bufotenine, used as entheogenic snuff though reed/bird bones, seed pod mositen and fermented before mixed with cassava flour and snail shells to be roasted and powdered

Baron von Humbolt

european, witness preparation/use of yopo, beleved snail shell caused hallucinations

Richard spruce

british botanist, collecte yopo snuff and seeds

bufotenine

trptamine alkaloid, serotonin enhancer, from yopo seed/cebil seeds, last about 20 min, black and white wormlike flowing imagery halluncinations

Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis species)

vine(liana) species, native Amazon, (inner) bark used, social affair (large group w/ 1 abstaining), frees soul from physical confinement/liberate from everyday life

Ayahuasca bevarage preparations

stem of ayahuasca vine dried and inner barked remove and added to water, water is almost boiling when fresh leaves of chacruna added, other added for medicinal benefits/taste/ added hallucinogenic (solanaceous species), reduced to thicken brown bitter tonic, corked - potent for 1 month

ayahuasca history

used as enthrogenic by indigenous, believd free soul/liberates from everyday, open lines of communicationwith ancestor, tekeoathic powers attributed (why harmine orginally called telepathine)

Chacruna (psychotria species)

shrub, native amazon, leaves used, DMT

ayahuasca analogues

Syrian rue (peafanum hrmala) for harmine and legume minmosa (mimosa tenuiflore) for DMT

affects of ayahuasca

unpleasent and bitter drink cause some to vomit, powerful hallucinations, telepathic experiences (collective unconcious), first stage after 20 minutes of drinking described as spiraling, accentuation of hearing/reduced motor coordination/strong visual distortions, final stage is sensation of flying/physical discomfort forgotten, 

Ololiuqui/Morninging glories (turbina corymbosa, ipomoea violaceea)

herbaceous annual, morning glory (convolvulaceae) family, native south/central america, seeds used, doesn’t actuall make active princple (from epibiontic fungi), round + white (turbina corymbosa) or elongate/angular + purple/blue(Ipomoea violacea) seeds

ololiuqui history

used hallucinogrn and medicinal by Aztec/Mayans, caltholic spainsh conquest ban use causing only to survive in isolated regions(Oaxaca)

western discovery of ololiqui

though referenced Datura species bc morning glories not hallucinogenic, Richard Schultes (ethnobotanist) collect Turbina corymbosa,

preparation/consumption of ololiuqui

13 seed collected, finely ground soaked in cold water and strained, drank  to induce rapid intoxication

affect of ololiuqui

intial grotesque halllucinations of people/place, longer period of lassitude/euphoria/deep sleep, loss of awareness, become highly suggestible

Epibiontic fungi (periglandula species)

closely related to fungal ergot, colnize secretory galnds of morning glories leaves, synthesize lysergic acid amide (ergine and epimer isoergine), compund translocated by plant to seed

Fungal ergot (clavices purpurea)

fungal pathogen, forms schlerotia, causes chronic poisoning (St. Anthony’s Fire), Alkaloids Ergonovine/Ergotamine/Ergine

affect of ergot alkaloids (Ergine/Ergonovine/Ergotamine)

constriction of fine arteris, cointration of smooth muscle, powerful hallucinations, delirium, confusion

Ergonovine

from ergot, induce labour, control uteriune hemorrhaging,

methylergovine

semi synthetic derivative of ergonovine, induce labour, control uteriune hemorrhaging

Ergotamine

from ergot, treat migraine/headache pain

dihydriergotamine

semi synthetic derviative of ergotamine, important anti-migraine agent

methylsergide

semi synthetic ergot alkaloid, treat migraine and cluster headaches

lisuride

semi synthetic ergot alkaloid, treat parkinson’s

Bromocriptine and cabergoline

semi synthetic ergot alkaloid, treat parkinson’s, treat type 2 diabetes, treat pituitary gland diseas and tumours

ergotoxine

mixture of 3 ergot alkaloids, treat age related cognitive impairment

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

one of 4 stereoisomer, potent halluconogen, albert hoffman discovered affect by mistake (contamination)

Albert Hoffman and LSD

accidental absorbed LSD and decided to self expirement, began to feel affects in 40 mins, started dizzy/anxious/paralyis/desire to laugh, hallucination of demonic transformations, advocate for medical use (psychoanalysis/therapy)

Delysid

Sandoz trade name for LSD, potential for schizophrenia treatment

Cary grant

britsh actor, treated with LSD, sensationalized

Sidney Katz

reporter, wrote my 12 hours as a Madman, begin of the end of LSD mediated therapy

Michael Hollingshead

key reason LSD became recreational drug, worked British cultural exchange, mixed LSD with Cake icing, introduced Leary to LSD

Aldous Huxley

author, expirement with mescaline/psilocybin/LSD

Albert hoffman

synthesized psilocybin, isolated ergot alkaloids and made semi synthetics, made LSD

Timothy Laery

was havard psycholgist, moved to mexico and caribbean were not welcomed, important figure of counter culture movementm arrest a for marijuanna possession, anarchist groups (weather underground/black panthers) broke hime from jail, sought asylum in switzerland, arrested in Afganistan airport, served 3 years of his sentence before paroled

Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)

colleague of timothy leary, first and only person fired from Havard,

Timothy leary and Richard Alpert

expirement with psilocybin is therapy, research became drug taking session (especially after introduction of LSD), why LSD and other hallucinogen became schedule 1 drugs,continued research in mansion financed by Mellon heir, called themselves International Fedreation for Internal Freedom (IFIF)