Cell
Basic unit of life
Prokaryotic
Cells that do not have a nucleus (Bacteria)
Prokaryote
A prokaryotic cell (single celled organism)
Eukaryotic
Cell with a nucleus (All plant and animal cells)
Eukaryote
An organism made up of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
The part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cell membrane
A thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Mitochondria
An organelle in which respiration and energy production occur
Ribosomes
Where proteins are made
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis occurs, making food. Full of green chlorophyll
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA
Animal cell parts
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
Plant cell parts
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Vacuole, Chloroplast
Bacteria cell parts
Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Plasmids, Single circular strand of DNA
Microscope
Used to see things too small to see with the naked eye
Light microscope
Uses light and lenses to magnify a specimen, used to view individual cells and large sub-cellular structures
Electron microscope
Uses electrons to form a highly magnified image of a specimen, used to view small sub-cellular structures like the insides of chloroplasts and mitochondrias
Magnification
Image size / Real size
Differentiation
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
Sperm Cell
The cell specialised for reproduction
Nerve Cell
The cell specialised for rapid signalling
Muscle Cell
The cell specialised for contraction
Root Hair Cell
The cell specialised for absorbing water and minerals
Phloem and Xylem Cells
The cells specialised for transporting substances
Chromosomes
A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus consisting of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
2 copies
Each chromosome has _______________ (one from the father, one from the mother)
23
Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes
Cell cycle
Makes new cells for growth, development and repair. Only happens in eukaryotic cells
Cell cycle stage 1
DNA is spread out in to long strings
Cell cycle stage 2
Before dividing, the cell grows to increase the number of organelles
Cell cycle stage 3
The cell duplicates its DNA (one for each new cell) and forms X shaped chromosomes
Cell cycle stage 4
The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell to be pulled apart by cell fibres
Cell cycle stage 5
Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, forming nuclei
Cell cycle stage 6
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide and 2 identical daughter cells have been created
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which one prokaryotic cell (single celled organism) divides to form two identical cells.
Binary Fission stage 1
The circular DNA and plasmid replicate
Binary Fission stage 2
The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ends of the cell
Binary Fission stage 3
The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls form
Binary Fission stage 4
The cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells are created. Each cell has one copy of the circular DNA but can have a variable number of copies of plasmid
Stem cell
Unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Active Transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Exchange substances
Organisms ________________ with their environment
Exchange surface
A specialised area adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other
Features of the alveoli
-Enormous surface area
-Moist lining
-Thin walls
-Good blood supply
Alveoli
Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.
Lungs
The organ for putting oxygen into the bloodstream and taking carbon dioxide out