Geography of Diversification Part 1

Cosmopolitan

taxa that are very widespread (worldwide)

Higher taxonomic levels are ____________ than species level.

more likely to be cosmopolitan

endemic = a taxon only ________ in ___

_______________ and _____________.

a taxon only occurs in one geographic area and nowhere else

Numerous endemics live

______________.

This is due to the opportunity

to ___________________

from the ______ population.

on islands (isolated); evolve in isolation; original

Thus _________________ via

________ and

____________________.

allopatric speciation via dispersal and natural selection

autochthonous = _________ group evolved _____.

endemic group evolved on site (“in situ”)

allochthonous = ________ group evolved ______

and ________________.

endemic group evolved off site (“ex situ”) and moved into a new area

Autochthonous example

honeycreepers of Hawaii

Allochthonous example

tuatara of New Zealand

biogeographic relict = a taxon that was once ____________

and now only _______________________________.

widespread; occurs in relatively small area 

taxonomic relict = a taxon that was once part of a much more

____________________, but now is _________________.

diverse taxonomic group; the sole survivor 

paleoendemic = taxon has been

________________.

endemic for a very long time (“paleo oldy”)

neoendemic = taxon has ___________________.

recently become endemic (“new”)

neoendemic example

Bristlecone pine of Great Basin mountains 

Pronatalism = = when

_________________

_____are _________

to the

_____________.

when several different groups are endemic to the same area

Provincialism: 

small scale = ______

large scale = ______

small scale = oceanic islands & other isolated areas 

large scale = biogeographic regions of the world 

___________________ of bioregion categories:

(RSPD)

Hierarchy of bioregion categories:

• Regions (realms)

• Subregions

• Provinces

• Districts

Traditional zoogeographic regions:

________ = North America

___________ = Europe, Asia, and

North Africa

________ = Nearctic + Palearctic

____________ = Central America and

South America

_______ = Africa below Sahara

Desert and Madagascar

__________ = Southeast Asia and

adjoining continental islands

____________ = Australia + New

Guinea

Traditional zoogeographic regions:

Nearctic = North America

Palaearctic = Europe, Asia, and North Africa 

Holarctic = Nearctic + Palearctic 

Neotropical = Central America and South America

Ethiopian = Africa below Sahara Desert and Madagascar

Oriental = Southeast Asia and adjoining continental islands

Australian = Australia + New Guinea

North America

Nearctic

Europe, Asia, and North Africa

Palaearctic 

________ = Nearctic + Palearctic

Holarctic

____________ = Central America and

South America

Neotropical 

_______ = Africa below Sahara

Desert and Madagascar

Ethiopian 

__________ = Southeast Asia and

adjoining continental islands

Oriental

____________ = Australia + New

Guinea

Australian

______________ regions

are very similar to

______________ regions

Phytogeographic; zoogeographic

(except separates out Cape Floristic region which has more clearly defined subcategories) 

3 factors affecting distribution 

soil, temperature, precipitation 

Biogeographic __________.

__________ divide regions and provinces.

- not likely to be _________________

- often a _________________.

Biogeographic lines divide regions and provinces.

definite; filter zone

inexact dividing lines between _____ and ______

Neotropics and Neoarctic

At ____________, lose most

dipterocarps and most ______

groups.

The other lines are looking at

________________ or using

different _____________.

Wallace’s Line; primate; different organisms; criteria