APUSH Period 6 Week 2

"Old immigrants"

Immigrants that came from 1861-1880 from Eastern and Western Europe, white, literate, protestant, familiar with representative governments (assimilate well)

Pull/Push factors

Pull-good things bringing immigrants like jobs, opportunities, lack of military service

Push-bad things immigrants get away from, political, economic, and religious persecution

"new immigrants"

(1881-1920) Come from Southern or Eastern Europe, Jewish, Catholic, or Orthodox, poor, illiterate, dark-skinned (don't assimilate well)

Assimilation

Immigrants adopt American culture over time

Ghetto

Slums & tenements that prevented residents from leaving

Ethnic enclaves v. chain migration

Chain migration: when family and friends follow each other into America to live in ethnic enclaves, a building or area that houses immigrants from the same country or village

Thomas Nast

Cartoonist who used satire to raise public consciousness of bosses

Victorian morality

A set of social ideas embraced by the privileged class of England and America during the long reign of Queen Victoria. Encouraged women to be moral leaders and teach good manners.

Cult of domesticity

A response to industrialization putting women back in the household

Jacob Riis

Thought immigrant's lack of self control and discipline caused city problems & wrote a book

Jane Addams

Looked at low wages and dangerous working conditions, studied city housing conditions, pressured politicians to enforce sanitation regulations and founded the first Settlement House as a social center for women.

Children's Aid Society

Founded by Charles Loring Brace & provided dormitories and practical education for children

Social Gospel

Led by Washington Gladden, put part of the blame for poverty on the rich and encouraged people to fight social injustice and mediate between businesses and workers

Settlement House Movement

Taught women necessary skills before college

Chinese exclusion act of 1882

Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years, but extended to 1902 where it was banned indefinitely, and ended in 1934

Dennis Kearney

Founded the Workingmen's Party of California, a political party focused on stopping Chinese immigration

American Protection Association

Nativist organization founded in 1887, and grew from the Panic of 1893

"Undesirables"

Those banned from entering the US (1875): Prostitutes and convicts at first, then lunatics and idiots, and then the illiterate

New inventions

Refrigerated railroad car, barbed wire, lightbulbs, & Bessemer process

Manufacturing towns

A town that exists for the sole purpose of providing labor to a factory

Six features that dominate large scale manufacturing after Civil war

1. Exploitation of coal deposits for cheap energy

2. Technological innovation in transportation, communication, and factory system

3. Need for enormous numbers of new workers that can be controlled

4. The constant pressure of competition, cutting costs & prices and getting rid of rivals & creating monopolies

5. The stark drop in prices

6. 6.The failure of the money supply to keep pace with productivity

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Ran majority of railroads through the New York Central Railroad System

Ways the Railroads pioneered new methods of corporate enterprise

Accounting costs to predict profits, advanced methods of accounting and organization, standardizing equipment and facilities

Telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances, allowed for communication across US

Time zones

Created for cohesive train schedules

Refrigerator cars

Allowed for meat to be transported over a long distance, instead of having to take the animals to the processing plant

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Tried to regulate railroad rates and have them published, and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to deal with issues

J. Pierpont Morgan

Banker who bought Carnegie Steel and formed United States Steel corporation, controlling the steel market

Andrew Carnegie

Created Gospel of Wealth, started as a laborer, learned the Bessemer process, founded J. Thompson Steel, and used vertical integration to control the steel market

US Steel

Monopoly owned by J.P. Morgan, 8 steel companies combined, controlled steel market

Bessemer Process

A process to make industrial steel from raw iron more efficiently

Vertical integration

A single business controlling all aspects of a manufacturing process from the extraction of raw materials all the way to the sale of the finished product

John D. Rockefeller

Head of Standard Oil Company, cut prices and bought out competition

Horizontal Integration

Buy out competition until you have control of a single area of industry (one company lowers prices drastically, & other companies can't afford to lower their prices & lose their customers & then the first company buys them out)

Standard Oil Trust

An umbrella corporation to run each company and control production

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Outlawed trusts and monopolies that fixed prices in restraint of trade, didn't work & benefited businesses

Mail-order catalog

Allowed consumers outside cities to shop manufactured goods

United States v. E.C. Knight Company

Argued that the Knight firm, controlling more than 90% of US sugar refining operated in illegal restraint of trade but the Supreme Court through out the lawsuit (1895)

Scientific Management/Taylorism

Firms need a scientific organization of production, and increase efficiency by subdividing tasks & allowing for mass production

McCormick process

Hired a production manager to introduce new jigs, steel gauges, & pattern machines to mass produce parts, to speed production for mechanical reapers

Economies of Scale

Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

Visible hand

New class of managers that operated between workers and owners

Great Merger Movement

Between 1895-1904, wave of mergers occurred consolidating about 4,000 companies into firms/monopolies like General Electric

Political machines

Corrupt figures that control city politics by using immigrants for votes and inflated prices for profit

Boss Tweed

Led the biggest machine, Tammany Hall

National Labor Union

Founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

Knights of Labor

Founded by Terence Powderly, united skilled and unskilled workers, campaigned for 8 hour day, but lost support because of the Haymarket Square Riot

Terence Powderly

Founded the Knights of Labor

Haymarket Square Riot

A protest in Haymarket Square, where a bomb went off, killing 7 policemen and 4 strikers

American Federation of Labor

A union of skilled workers aiming for higher wages, fewer hours, and safer working conditions through a conservative approach

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor

Molly Maguires

The Pennsylvania Coal Miners Union

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Response to cut wages in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Reading, and Chicago that was shut down by state militia. $40 million in destroyed property and 100 deaths showed the need for union membership, political influence, and government aid.

Strikebreakers

Workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved

The Great Upheaval

(1886) Year of intense worker strikes and violent labor confrontations in the United States

Pinkerton

A private security agency used to break strikes

Homestead Strike of 1892

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions. (Led by the Pennsylvania Coal Miners Union)

Pullman Strike of 1894

After Pullman cut wages, the American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs refused to handle Pullman cars. President Grover Cleveland broke the strike with federal soldiers and arrested Debs.

American Railway Union

Led by Eugen Debs & started the Pullman Strike

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.