physic finals

newton's first law of motion

objects that remain at rest, will stay and rest, and objects that are in motion, will stay in motion unless an external force acts upon it

Newton second law of motion

F = ma OR F = ∆p/∆t

Newton’s third law of motion

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

force

The push or pull of an object

momentum

p = mv

represents an object total quantity of motion.

Inertia

in physics, an object's inherent property to resist changes in its state of motion.

It can also mean “inactivity or indolence”

System

a specific part of the universe chosen for study, defined by an imaginary boundary, with everything outside being the surroundings

Centripetal force

any force that causes an object to move in a circular path.

F= m x v²/r

free body diagram

Graphical representation of all the forces and resulting effect on an object of a system

statics

The study of balanced forces on objects or systems that are at rest.

F = 0

Dynamics

The study of the forces on objects or systems that are in motion, whether that motion is uniform or non-uniform.

contact force

Forces that occur when two objects physically touch.

non-contact force

Forces that act on objects without physical contact, via force fields.

examples of contact forces

friction

tension

normal force

Air resistance

examples of non-context forces

Gravity

electrostatic forces

Nuclear forces

magnetic force

Weight

The downward force experienced by objects resulting from their gravitational attraction to earth.

F = W = mg

The relative amount of gravity on earth

–9.8 m/s²

Deformation

Change in shape due to the application of a force

Hooke’s law

The size of a spring deformation is proportional to the applied force; and that one, no force act the spring returns to its original length.

F= –k∆L

Springs constant

The springs resistance to deformation

tension

The pulling force of a rope cable or chain exerts along its length

attractive electric forces

Noncontact interaction between two objects having electric charge

External force

Any force exerted by an object outside of the system acting on the system

internal force

Any force exerted by an object in the system on another object within the system

static equilibrium

When all objects in a system are at rest, meaning there is no net force and no net torque

torque

The measure of how effective of force is producing a rotation

τ = r(perp) x F

conditions for static equilibrium

F = 0

τ = 0

geological time

the wide range of time scales that range from continual and small to infrequent and catastrophic

erosion

combination of weathering and removal of rock

sedimentation

the transportation of eroded sediment to a new location

chemical weathering

wearing away rock one atom at a time

mechanical weathering

physically breaking down rock into small solid particles

mass wasting

The removal of rock from location as a result of gravitational forces

Stream systems

Streams go from steep to flat slopes.

Discharge: amount of water a stream carries

Sediment load: the amount of sediment a stream carries

glacial systems

Alpine glaciers and continental glaciers

alpine glaciers

Form in mountains

Continental glaciers

Are larger and cover large areas of land

aeolian systems

a system related to the action of wind forces

Shoreline systems

a system shaped by the action of ocean waves.

Isostacy and Rebound

The principle that thicker crust floats more deeply in Earth’s mantle and thinner crust floats less deeply.