Biology 6_Precomp Study guide_2021-22_VA (7) Study for BIO

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles.

Cytosol

The liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding the organelles.

Nucleolus

A small structure within the nucleus of a cell that produces ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.

Cell/Plasma Membrane

A semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Rough ER

A network of membranes with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Smooth ER

A network of membranes involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and responsible for regulating cell activities.

Lysosome

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

Vacuole

Membrane-bound sacs within a cell that store water, nutrients, and waste materials.

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport of materials within the cell.

Ribosome

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

Eukaryotic

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleoid

The region in prokaryotic cells where the DNA is located.

Robert Hooke

A scientist who first observed and named cells.

DNA

The genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.

Cells

The basic unit of life.

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organs

Structures composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that provides support and connects different parts of the body.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical signals and coordinates body functions.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers the surfaces of organs and lines body cavities.

Organism

An individual living thing.

Skeletal System

The framework of bones and cartilage that supports the body and protects internal organs.

Muscular System

The system of muscles that allows for movement and provides support.

Integumentary System

The system that includes the skin, hair, and nails, protecting the body from external factors.

Circulatory System

The system responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials throughout the body.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

Nervous System

The system responsible for transmitting signals and coordinating body functions.

Urinary System

The system responsible for filtering waste materials from the blood and producing urine.

Digestive System

The system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Endocrine System

The system responsible for producing and regulating hormones.

Lymphatic System

The system responsible for maintaining fluid balance and fighting against infections.

Reproductive System

The system responsible for producing offspring.

Bones

Hard structures that make up the skeletal system, providing support and protection.

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue found in joints and other parts of the body.

Ligament

Connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

Tendon

Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.

Spongy Bone

Porous bone tissue that forms the inner layer of bones.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Haversian Canals

Channels in bone tissue that contain blood vessels and nerves.

Epiphysis

The ends of long bones, involved in bone growth and articulation.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone, providing support and strength.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for bone formation.

Osteoclast

Cells responsible for bone resorption.

Red/Yellow Marrow

Soft tissue found within bones, responsible for producing blood cells and storing fat.

Gliding/Sliding Joint

A joint