government ap midterm!!

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101 Terms

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politics
the process of influencing the actions and polices of government
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government
the rules and institutions that make up that system of policymaking
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democracy
a system of government where power is held by the people
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political culture
the shared set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationships between citizens and government
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natural rights
the right to life, liberty, and property and which the government cannot take away, rights you’re born with
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social contract
people allow their governments to rule over and to ensure an orderly and functioning society, if the government breaks this contract then the people have a right to replace the government
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popular sovereignty
the power of the government comes from the people
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limited government
a government that is legally restricted of their powers (checks and balances)
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republicanism
a system in which the government’s authority comes from the people through their representatives
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federalism
a system that divides power between the nationals and state government
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how many constitucional principles are there?
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name the constitutional principles rn
natural rights, popular sovereignty, social contract, limited government, republicanism, federalism
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inalienable rights
rights the government cannot take away
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liberty
social, political, and economic freedoms
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participatory democracy/theory
citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians
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civil society
independent associations outside the government control
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pluralist theory
a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy
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elitist theory
a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making
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political institutions
the structure of government including the executive, legislature, and judiciary
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constitutional republic
a democratic system with elected representatives in which the Constitution is the supreme law.
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republic
a government ruled by representative of the people
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Article of confederations
a purposefully weak document of agreement among all 13 states that served as America’s first frame of government and made the states more powerful than the federal government
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name some weakness of the article of confederation
congress couldn’t force states to obey their laws, no powers to tax (so they couldnt pay war debts), couldn’t raise an army, no national currency, no federal court system, states could make deals with foreign countries, unicameral congress, amending article requires uniamious consent (impossible), each state had the power to put tariffs on trade goods between states (unfair advantage of states with ports)
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unicameral
one house legislature
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annapolis convention
happened in 1786, james madison was there, very poor attendance
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why didn’t the states want to replace of fix the article of confederation?
southern states feared slavery would be restricted or outlawed, people in smaller states feared losing equal representation in Congress and seeing in replaced with representation based on population, scared to make a government like in England
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shays rebellion
named after daniel shay, took place in massachutechs, a popular uprising against the government
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Constitutional Convention
a secret meeting held by state delegates in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation
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Who was the president of the constitutional convention?
Washington
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writ of habeas corpus
the right of people detained by the goverment to know the charges against them
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bills of attainder
when the legislature declares someone guilty without a trail
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ex post facto laws
laws punishing people for acts that were not crimes at the time they were committed
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Virgina Plan
the plan called for by james madison three branch government with a bicamerical legislature that that gave a unfair disadvantage to popular states, the lower house would be elected directly by the people and the higher house would consist of representatives nominated by state legislature and chosen by chosen members of the lower house (popular states would have more members in both houses)
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new jersey plan
a plan called by paterson with a unicameral legislature where each state delegation (chosen by the state legislatures) would get one equal vote in that legislature
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the Great Connecticut Compromise
a bit of both the virgina and new jersey plan- a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned proportionally and a Senate apportioned equally
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3/5 compromise
an agreement that a slave counted as 2/5 of a person for the states population, states could not vote but their numbers would boost the states population and in the electoral college
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compromise on imporation
Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808 (slaves that escaped had to be returned to their owners, regardless the laws of individual states)
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separation of powers
a design of government that distributes powers across institutions in order to avoid one branch being in power
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check and balances
a design of government in which each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy
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federalism
the sharing of power between the national and state governments
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expressed/ enumerated powers
power specifically given to a branch of the government in the Constitution
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necessary and proper/elastic clause
giving Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers
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implied powers
the authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers
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legislative branch
the branch responsible for making laws (the houses)

Members of the house of representatives are elected directly by the people

Members of the senate represent the states
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executive branch
the branch responsible for carrying out laws passed by the legislative branch (the president)
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judicial branch
the branch responsible for making sure those laws are being followed, hearing and deciding cases through the federal courts
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supremacy clause
the Constitution and all national laws are the supreme law of the land
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amendment
change to the constitution
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federalist
supporters of the proposed Constitution, who wanted a strong national government, rich peopl
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anti federalist
those who opposed the proposed Constitution, who favored stronger state governments, poor people
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federalist papers
a series of 85 essays written by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay published between 1787-1788 that promoted the Constitution
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federalist 51
essay written by james madison about how separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny
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federalist 10
essay written by james madison about the dangers of factions but can be stopped by a large republic
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faction
a group of self interested people who use the government to get what they want, trampling the rights of others
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brutus 1
a anti federalist paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed by a republic and the Constitution gave too much power to the states
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unitary system
a system where the central government has all the power over the subnational governments
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confederal system
a system where the subnational governments has most of the power
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federal system
a system where power is divided between the national and state governments
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exclusive powers
powers only the national government may exercise
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reserved powers
powers only the states can use
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concurrent powers
powers given to both the state and federal government
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commerce clause
grants Congress authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity
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tenth amendment
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full faith and credit clause
constitutional clause requiring states to recongnize public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state
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extradition
the requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was committed
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privileges and immuntites clause
no discriminating against someone from another state
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thirteen amendment
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fourteen amendment
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thirteeth amendment
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dual federalism
layer cake- state has their powers federal has their powers
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cooperative federalism
marble cake- the federal and state work together
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grants in aid
enhances federal power- federal funds given to states and localities. These funds usually subsidize a public project or program.
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categorical grants
enhances federal power- Categorical grants are for specific purposes defined by federal law
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block grants
enhances state power and gives them flexibility -were grants devoted to general purposes with few restrictions—states preferred
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mandates
federal rules that states and localities must obey
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political culture
the set of belief, customs, traditions, and values, that define the relationships between citizens and government
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individualism
the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make
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laissez- fiare or free enterprise
an economic system in which the government intrudes as little as possible between the economic transactions among citizens and businesses
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rule of law
the principle that no one, including public officials, is above the law
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political socialization
the experience and factors that shape an individuals political values, attitudes, and behaviors.
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political ideology
an individuals coherent set of beliefs above government and politics
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generational effect
the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views
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life cycle
the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views
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globalization
the increasing inconnectedness of people, business, and countries throughout the world
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outsourcing
when a company moves its business to a place where labor coasts are cheaper and/or workers can work long hours
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public opinion
the sum of individuals attitudes about government, policies, and issues
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focus group
small group of people assembled for a conservation about specific issues
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scientific poll
a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language
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sample
exact what is sounds like, a sample from the population
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random selection
exact what it sounds like, randomly selecting from the population
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representative sample
a sample that reflects the demographics of the population
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weightlifting
produce in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population
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sampling error
the margin of error in a poll (sampling error +/- 3% points)
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mass survey
a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population

(1,500)
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entrance survey
a poll conducted of people coming to an event
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exit poll
a survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who/what they voted for and why
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benchmark poll
a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters
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tracking poll
a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign
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random digit dialing
the use of telephone numbers randomly generating by computer to select potential survey respondents
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question order
the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls