government ap midterm!!

lolll

politics

the process of influencing the actions and polices of government

government

the rules and institutions that make up that system of policymaking

democracy

a system of government where power is held by the people

political culture

the shared set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationships between citizens and government

natural rights

the right to life, liberty, and property and which the government cannot take away, rights you’re born with

social contract

people allow their governments to rule over and to ensure an orderly and functioning society, if the government breaks this contract then the people have a right to replace the government

popular sovereignty

the power of the government comes from the people

limited government

a government that is legally restricted of their powers (checks and balances)

republicanism

a system in which the government’s authority comes from the people through their representatives

federalism

a system that divides power between the nationals and state government

how many constitucional principles are there?

6

name the constitutional principles rn

natural rights, popular sovereignty, social contract, limited government, republicanism, federalism

inalienable rights

rights the government cannot take away

liberty

social, political, and economic freedoms

participatory democracy/theory

citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians

civil society

independent associations outside the government control

pluralist theory

a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy

elitist theory

a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making

political institutions

the structure of government including the executive, legislature, and judiciary

constitutional republic

a democratic system with elected representatives in which the Constitution is the supreme law.

republic

a government ruled by representative of the people

Article of confederations

a purposefully weak document of agreement among all 13 states that served as America’s first frame of government and made the states more powerful than the federal government

name some weakness of the article of confederation

congress couldn’t force states to obey their laws, no powers to tax (so they couldnt pay war debts), couldn’t raise an army, no national currency, no federal court system, states could make deals with foreign countries, unicameral congress, amending article requires uniamious consent (impossible), each state had the power to put tariffs on trade goods between states (unfair advantage of states with ports)

unicameral

one house legislature

annapolis convention

happened in 1786, james madison was there, very poor attendance

why didn’t the states want to replace of fix the article of confederation?

southern states feared slavery would be restricted or outlawed, people in smaller states feared losing equal representation in Congress and seeing in replaced with representation based on population, scared to make a government like in England

shays rebellion

named after daniel shay, took place in massachutechs, a popular uprising against the government

Constitutional Convention

a secret meeting held by state delegates in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation

Who was the president of the constitutional convention?

Washington

writ of habeas corpus

the right of people detained by the goverment to know the charges against them

bills of attainder

when the legislature declares someone guilty without a trail

ex post facto laws

laws punishing people for acts that were not crimes at the time they were committed

Virgina Plan

the plan called for by james madison three branch government with a bicamerical legislature that that gave a unfair disadvantage to popular states, the lower house would be elected directly by the people and the higher house would consist of representatives nominated by state legislature and chosen by chosen members of the lower house (popular states would have more members in both houses)

new jersey plan

a plan called by paterson with a unicameral legislature where each state delegation (chosen by the state legislatures) would get one equal vote in that legislature

the Great Connecticut Compromise

a bit of both the virgina and new jersey plan- a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned proportionally and a Senate apportioned equally

3/5 compromise

an agreement that a slave counted as 2/5 of a person for the states population, states could not vote but their numbers would boost the states population and in the electoral college

compromise on imporation

Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808 (slaves that escaped had to be returned to their owners, regardless the laws of individual states)

separation of powers

a design of government that distributes powers across institutions in order to avoid one branch being in power

check and balances

a design of government in which each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy

federalism

the sharing of power between the national and state governments

expressed/ enumerated powers

power specifically given to a branch of the government in the Constitution

necessary and proper/elastic clause

giving Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers

implied powers

the authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers

legislative branch

the branch responsible for making laws (the houses)

Members of the house of representatives are elected directly by the people

Members of the senate represent the states

executive branch

the branch responsible for carrying out laws passed by the legislative branch (the president)

judicial branch

the branch responsible for making sure those laws are being followed, hearing and deciding cases through the federal courts

supremacy clause

the Constitution and all national laws are the supreme law of the land

amendment

change to the constitution

federalist

supporters of the proposed Constitution, who wanted a strong national government, rich peopl

anti federalist

those who opposed the proposed Constitution, who favored stronger state governments, poor people

federalist papers

a series of 85 essays written by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay published between 1787-1788 that promoted the Constitution

federalist 51

essay written by james madison about how separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny

federalist 10

essay written by james madison about the dangers of factions but can be stopped by a large republic

faction

a group of self interested people who use the government to get what they want, trampling the rights of others

brutus 1

a anti federalist paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed by a republic and the Constitution gave too much power to the states

unitary system

a system where the central government has all the power over the subnational governments

confederal system

a system where the subnational governments has most of the power

federal system

a system where power is divided between the national and state governments

exclusive powers

powers only the national government may exercise

reserved powers

powers only the states can use

concurrent powers

powers given to both the state and federal government

commerce clause

grants Congress authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity

tenth amendment

full faith and credit clause

constitutional clause requiring states to recongnize public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state

extradition

the requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was committed

privileges and immuntites clause

no discriminating against someone from another state

thirteen amendment

fourteen amendment

thirteeth amendment

dual federalism

layer cake- state has their powers federal has their powers

cooperative federalism

marble cake- the federal and state work together

grants in aid

enhances federal power- federal funds given to states and localities. These funds usually subsidize a public project or program.

categorical grants

enhances federal power- Categorical grants are for specific purposes defined by federal law

block grants

enhances state power and gives them flexibility -were grants devoted to general purposes with few restrictions—states preferred

mandates

federal rules that states and localities must obey

political culture

the set of belief, customs, traditions, and values, that define the relationships between citizens and government

individualism

the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make

laissez- fiare or free enterprise

an economic system in which the government intrudes as little as possible between the economic transactions among citizens and businesses

rule of law

the principle that no one, including public officials, is above the law

political socialization

the experience and factors that shape an individuals political values, attitudes, and behaviors.

political ideology

an individuals coherent set of beliefs above government and politics

generational effect

the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views

life cycle

the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views

globalization

the increasing inconnectedness of people, business, and countries throughout the world

outsourcing

when a company moves its business to a place where labor coasts are cheaper and/or workers can work long hours

public opinion

the sum of individuals attitudes about government, policies, and issues

focus group

small group of people assembled for a conservation about specific issues

scientific poll

a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language

sample

exact what is sounds like, a sample from the population

random selection

exact what it sounds like, randomly selecting from the population

representative sample

a sample that reflects the demographics of the population

weightlifting

produce in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population

sampling error

the margin of error in a poll (sampling error +/- 3% points)

mass survey

a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population

(1,500)

entrance survey

a poll conducted of people coming to an event

exit poll

a survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who/what they voted for and why

benchmark poll

a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters

tracking poll

a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign

random digit dialing

the use of telephone numbers randomly generating by computer to select potential survey respondents

question order

the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls