Mid term - History

This has a mix of industrial revolution, the Enlightenment, the Scientific Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Ancient Egypt, and World Religions

\-Industrial Revolution-

Section 1

where did the industrial revolution began?

Great Britian (1790)

Agricultural revolution

Created better faring methods by buying land, but caused the original people who lived there to work in factories.

Factors of Production

They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).

Entrepeneur

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. (invest in stuff)

Railroad boom

transported their goods/materials to distant cities.

Gave opportunities for jobs

Factory workers

Had unhealthy working conditions and did a lot of child labor. Would work for 14 hours every 6 days.

Wealthy merchants,
factory owners,
shippers

\` They grew wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats.

Lower middle class of

factory overseers and

skilled workers

Skilled workers led the way in forming unions because their special skills gave them extra bargaining power.

Large landowners and

aristocrats

they'd occupied the top position and political power, but had lost it slowly.

The Environment

Had created more pollution in the world, which still continues now

Education

Succeeded and gained more people to teach, which expanded education opportunities, now people get to go to school.

**Industrial Revolution**

**The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s.**

\
extra info-

**Later spreaded for, England to Continental Europe and North America.**

**Enclosure**

**A closed off area of field.**

**Crop rotation**

**The process of planting different crops in the same area. Improved soil nutrients plant quality and kept away pest.**

**Industrialization**

**The process of developing machines production of goods, required such resources.** 

**factory**

**a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.**

**Urbanization**

**city building and the movement of people to cities**

**middle class**

**people made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.** 

**working class**

**people who are employed in manual or industrial work** 

**Stock**

**certain rights of ownership**

**Corporation**

**a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its deps.**

**laissez faire**

**to the economic policy of letting owner of industry and business set working conditions without interference.** 

**capitalism**

**an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned, and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.**

**utilitarianism**

**an ethical  theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes**

**socialism**

**the factors of productions are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all**

**Karl Marx**

**German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.**

**communism**

**a form of complete socialism in which the means of productions- all land, mines, factories, railroads and business - would be owned by people.**

**union**

**to press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary labor associations**

**Strike**

**to refuse to work**

\- The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution -

section 2

Denis Diderot

created the encyclopedia, giving people knowledge

Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Saint George

(Had created classical music which had effected enlightenment ideas. )

Samuel Richardson

An English writer

Frederick the Great

he never tried to change the existing social order, but thought about it.

Joseph II

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria, ruled Austria from 1780 - 1790. **Supported freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews.**

Catherine the Great

read the works of philosophies, and she exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia.

Voltaire

Freedom of though & expression / religious freedom

(philosopher)

Bacon & Descartes

helped create the scientific method

Montesquieu

Separation of power

Jean-Jacques

Individual Freedom

Ceaser

Criminal justice form

Mary

advocate for women

Enlightenment & Revolution year

1500-1789 (in europe revolution in intellectual activity changes Europeans’ view of government and society.)

salon

Where you would talk about educational stuff, or gossip

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

Telescope

To see far things in the sky and make them appear closer.

Heliocentric

The world revolves around the sun (Catholics did not accepted this)

Geocentric

The world revolves around the earth (Catholics accepted this)

Law of gravitation

how gravity is responsible for the weight of a body and keeps us on the ground.

Isaac Newton

**born in U.K, mathematician, physicist, astronomer, created various physic laws.**

Copernicus

Born Poland, astronomer, jnvented the heliocentric model

Leo de Vinci

**born in italy, painter, engineer, scientist, started inventions of many things that we use today.**

Galileo

born in Italy, astronomer, mathematician, supported the heliocentric model

\-Ancient Egypt-

section 3

largest river

Nile river

How were they led?

By pharos

wrote in

hieroglyphics

Wrote on

papyrus

Egyptians would trade with

Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus

Type of Economy

Traditional, they would farm and trade

what modern day countries was the Indus valley civ in?

Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kuwait

\- major world religion -

section 4

What did Hinduism strengthen?

The caste system by reincarnation and karma

Reincarnation is

being reborn into another life, while karma determines if you will live a good life or bad

Social classes in India & what were they named.

4 (Braham, Traders/Peasants, Warriors, and laborers)

Upanishads are…

written dialogs of Hinduism

What is needed to obtain enlightenment in Hinduism?

to perform one’s duty for life and emut good karma

Where is the Jewish holy land.

Israel

what Idea do jews live by everyday

the covenant between God and the Jews.

What is the sacred text of Judaism?

The torah

What is the sacred text of Hinduism?

The Veda

What is the sacred text of Buddhism?

Suttas

What is the sacred text of Islam?

Quran

What is the sacred text of Christians?

Bible

Who is the founder of Judaism?

Abraham

What did Buddhism do to the caste system?

Reject it

The founder of Buddhism name is

Siddhartha

Does Hinduism have a founder?

No, it doesn’t get traced back. It was founded during the 750-500 BC though.

Jainism developed around…

500 BC

Judaism developed in

100 BC