adv world history renaissance test/ strickland

Fillipo Brunelleschi

Fillipo Brunelleschi

Italian architect and artist - first widespread use of linear perspective was by him. He designed the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Artist who designed the bronze doors of Florence's baptistry, a.k.a. the Gates of Paradise. He rivaled Filippo Brunelleschi.

Gates of Paradise

Bronze door of Florence's baptistry. It contained 28 panels of scenes of the New Testament, and was built by Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, artist, engineer, architect, and musician. He made many early discoveries on anatomy, and was a genius inventor, making plans for a flying machine and submarine. He also wrote his plans backwards so nobody could steal them. His 2 most famous works are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Mona Lisa

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world, worth 3 billion dollars.

The Last Supper

Painting by Leonardo da Vinci, painted on a wall in a convent in Milan, Italy. It depicts Jesus eating the Last Supper with his disciples. It has gone through many damages, including the building being bombed in WWII, but it is still standing.

Flying Machine

Leonardo da Vinci created 100s of sketches of flying machines. When tested with modern materials, the designs worked.

The Proportions of the Human Figure (Vitruvian Man)

Leonardo da Vinci - First accurate human proportions with geometry.

Michelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of David, the Pieta, and The Last Judgement.

Pieta

A sculpture created by Michelangelo of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. He was only 24 at the time of it's creation, and is a very emotional piece.

The Statue of David

Statue made by Michelangelo. It stands 17ft tall, and was created using porous marble so it deteriorated over time. It was created unproportional so it would appear more intimidating from below

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Painting by Michelangelo located in a chapel in the Vatican. It took 4 years for him to complete, partly because he had to redo because the plaster was molding. Scenes from Genesis are portrayed.

The Last Judgement

Painting by Michelangelo, located on the wall behind the altar in the Sistine Chapel. It depicts the second coming of Christ. The Pope initially thought it was too graphic, but Michelangelo refused to redo it.

Raphael

Italian painter, his most famous being The School of Athens, The Liberation of St. Peter, and the Sistine Madonna. He admired Michelangelo so much he would sneak into the Sistine Chapel to see his works.

The School of Athens

Painting by Rapheal located on a wall in the library in the Vatican that shows great philosophers Plato and Aristotle, while also including Renaissance figures including Michelangelo and Leonard Da Vinci.

The Liberation of St. Peter

Painting by Raphael, located in the Pope's private library.

The Sistine Madonna

Painting by Raphael, depicting Mary and baby Jesus. It is most famous for the Cherubs shown at the bottom of the painting.

Donatello

Florentine (Italian) sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures. He worked in the same studio as Ghilberti, and was patroned by the Medici family. His most famous work was the Gattamelata.

Gattamelata

Sculpture located in Florence depicting a man riding a horse. It is the first life-size horse statue since ancient times.

Sandro Botticelli

Italian painter, patroned by the Medici family. He is one of the first artists to mainly do secular works. His most famous works are The Birth of Venus and The Adoration of the Magi.

The Birth of Venus

Painting by Sandro Botticelli in Florence. It is one of the most famous mythological pieces.

The Adoration of the Magi

Painting by Sandro Botticelli depicting baby Jesus being visited by the wise men. He put members of the Medici family and himself in the faces in the crowd. The most remarkable part of this painting is how all of the faces are at different angles, an artistic feat.

Jan van Eyck

Painter who painted Arnolfini Wedding Portrait, The Crucifixion, and The Last Judgement.

Arnolfini Wedding Portrait

Painting by Jan van Eyck, considered one of the most complex paintings in western history. It is a wedding portrait for an upper class family. It is so detailed that little details spark debates about it.

Albrecht Durer

A German painter and mathematician. Since art was worth less in the northern Renaissance, he was also a printmaker. He drew on wood and used acid to engrave metal.

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Drawing by Albrecht Durer depicting the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse as described by Revelations. It was drawn on wood.

Pieter Bruegel

Painter, painted realistic depictions of peasant life and landscapes, which was rare at the time.

The Tower of Babel

Painting by Pieter Bruegel depicted the Tower of Babel as described in the Bible.

Children's Games

Painting by Pieter Bruegel depicting several different scenes of children playing games. The transition from Medieval to Renaissance times can also be seen.

Sofonisba Anguissola

First woman artist to gain an international reputation. She traveled to Rome and was tutored by Michelangelo.

Galileo

Proved that the sun was the center of the universe, forced by church to withdraw theory and go on house arrest.

Thomas More

English scholar that traveled to Italy and came back with new ideas and wrote Utopia.

Utopia

A book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society (governed by reason, everyone is equal, no private property) that was meant to contrast with corruption in the Church and in government.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. He used satire to criticize the church. He wrote Praise of Folly. He wrote the first bible in Greek, and first suggested putting the bible in vernacular.

The Praise of Folly

Written by Erasmus, criticized how the church had lost morality.

Francois Rabelais

French author who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.

Gargantua and Pantagruel

Book that uses satire to criticize religion, education, and politics and shows the social change from fuedalism to mercantile society.

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy.

Divine Comedy

A book by Dante Alighieri, describes purgatory, awaiting forgiveness, and vision of heaven. It is about a quest for religious understanding.

Niccolo Machiavelli

French, wrote The Prince. His ideas were very controversial and logical.

The Prince

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli, mainly based on the gain/loss of power in politics and how to govern. His most controversial idea was "ends justify the means". He based his book on how to keep political power on the Medicis. "It is better to be feared than loved".

William Shakespeare

English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. As many as 1700 words were first seen in his writings.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish, wrote Don Quixote.

Don Quixote

A comedic book written by Miguel de Cervantes during the Renaissance. It mocks chivalry in showing how illogical the deeds of a knight are. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes.

Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome

Why was Florence the artistic center of the renaissance?

because of there early development of humanism and the city’s stunning innovations in visual arts

What was the Renaissance?

a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature

Medici Family

A family, made wealthy by starting a banking industry in Florence, who were major patrons to the arts during the renaissance.

patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

How did the Medici family impact the Renaissance?

They paid for much of the art and writings that are famous today. They promoted these across the region as a way to bring fame to themselves. They also developed banking techniques that are still in use today.

Humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that you should embrace creativity and pleasure and enjoyment in life.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

changes in daily life

people started to write in vernacular, girls had no education and learned to run a home, The pope greg xII had a group change the julian calender to the gregorian calender.

Gregorian Calendar

revision of the Julian calendar by Pope Gregory XIII; currently used in most of the world

Vernacular

everyday language

Renaissance Art

art which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasis on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Helio-centric

model of the universe with the Sun at the center and all other objects moving around it.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

How is the scientific method evolving?

New scientific instruments and tools add new ways to gather and organize information.

How did the scientific method change the study of science?

People now learned to answer things based on observation, not just guessing or based on fables and beliefs.