Everything

Stellar Evolution mass less than 1.4 times the mass of the sun

Stellar evolution with a mass greater than 1.4 times the mass of the sun and greater than 3 times the mass of the sun

Stellar evolution with a mass greater than 1.4 times the mass of the sun and less than 3 times the mass of the sun

Kinetic molecular theory of gas

• Large number of identical molecules

• Volume of gas is negligible

• No forces between molecules

• Motion is random

• All collisions are elastic (Energy is conserved)

When Is the kinetic theory of gas no longer usable

• Molecules are compressed

• Close to a phase change(All internal energy is potential)

What is the Oppenheimer Volkoff limit

when the mass of a star is greater than three times the mass of the sun, it will become a black hole

When the mass of the star is less than three times the mass of the sun, it will turn into a neutron star

Why are scaphoid variables not stable

Because fusion increases as they burn the remaining parts of an element then temperature increases surface area decreases due to gravity, pulling it in and then surface area increases and temperature decreases so we pulsating brightness

What are the top five greenhouse gases?

1. Water vapor

2. Carbon dioxide

3. Methane

4. Oxygen and ozone

5. Nitrogen oxide

Kilo

10³

Centi

10-²

Milli

10-³

Micro

10^-6

Nano

10^-9

v=u+at

v= final velocity m/s

u= initial velocity m/s

a= acceleration m/s²

t= time s

s= ut+ ½ at²

s= displacement m

u= initial velocity m/s

a= Acceleration m/s²

t= time s

Energy

Joules

Si units kg m²/s²

Power

Watt (w)

Si units kg m²/s³

Gas laws

• Boyles law

• Charles law

• Pressure law

Boyle law

As volume increases pressure decreases

Charles law

As temperature increases volume increases

Pressure law

And temperature increases pressure increases

Emmisivity

Amount reflected my a surface

e≈ power radiated by a surface

Power radiated from a black body radiator of the same temperature and area

Albedo

Albedo =power scattered by a surface

incident power

Reflected ex. Snow

Albedo and emissivity

are always between 0 and 1 Usually add up to one

hubbles constant

70 km/s Mpc

Hubbles law

The red shift due to the growth of the universe. The growth of the universe stretches space and time increasing the distance between objects this then stretches the wave length, leading to an observed red shift.

Blue shift

Decreased wavelength decreased distance form and an object

Object is moving towards you in space

Redshift

Increased wavelength increased distance

Object is moving away from us in space

Doppler shift

Doppler shift

Z= change in wavelength /original wavelength = v/c

Z= shift

v= velocity

c= speed of sound

Black body radiator

emissivity = 1

range of wavelengths when heated

Effects of green house gasses

• Rising sea level

• Increased humidity

• Melting glaciers

• Less sea ice

• Less snow cover

As peak wavelength increases

Temperature decreases and frequency increases

Cosmic scale factor

z = R/Intial R-1

Luminosity

Power emitted by a star

• Watts (W)

• L = oAT^4

Brightness

The intensity of a star

• Wm²

• b= L/4(pi)(r²)

Right hand rule

Slap rule

Temperature

Measuring how hot or cold something is

Average kinetic energy

Absolute zero

All molecules stop moving

Relation ship between larger objects and energy

Bigger objects have higher internal energy because it has more mass - more mass= more total energy

Heat transfers

• From hot to cold

• Because fast moving particle collide with slow moving particles and increase their velocity, kinetic energy and temperature

Specific heat

Amount of energy required to heat one kilogram by one degree kelvin

Conductor

Material that energy can be transferred as heat

Insulator

Material that transfers energy poorly

Q = MC(change in temperate)

Q = heat energy ( J)

M = mass ( kilograms )

C = specific heat capacity (J/kg)

Change in temperature ( C and K)

Force

Newtons (N)

Si units 1 kg m/s²

Patents heat of fusion

Q=ML

Q = j

M= kg

L = j / kg

Pressure

When many molecules collide with the side of a container it’s measured

Pa pascahals

Si units kg/ms² or N/m²

Ways gets can be transferred

• Conduction - direct contact

• Convection - circulating of fluids with different temperatures

• Radiation - transferred through a vacuum waves

visible light

Frequency - 10^14

Wavelength- 400nm -700nm

Electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength

1. Radio waves

2. Microwaves

3. Infrared waves

4. Visible light

5. Ultraviolet

6. X-ray

7. Gamma rays

P= eoAT^4

P = watts

e = emissivity

o = 5.67× 10^-8 Wm^-2k-4

T = absolute temperature (k)

Weird displacement law

When a black body radiator is heated up it emits a range of different wavelengths

• Max wavelength = 2.9×10^-3/T

• Temperature increases peak wavelength increases

• Peak wavelength increases frequency increases

Intensity

I = P/A

Wm^-2= W/m²

Green house effect

1. Energy introduced

2. some energy is absorbed

3. Un absorbed energy is bounced around off gassed in the atmosphere and trapped in earth’s atmosphere

Frequency

Si units - J*s

Energy can be categorized as

either a wave or a photon

ev

Electron volt is a unit if energy

How are the absorption spectra and emission spectra

They are the approximate inverse of eachother

what is the units and si units for power

Unit: watt (W)

Si units: 1kgm²s-³

Units for voltage and definition

Units: voltage (v)

Definition: potential difference

Unit for current

Unit: amps (A)

Si units: 1Cs^-1

Units and so units for Energy

Units: joules (J)

Si units: 1kgm²s-²

Rules for a parallel circuit

• Voltage is equal throughout the circuit

• Currents add up to the total current

• 1/R total is = 1/R +1/R2

Rules for a series circuit

• Current is equal throughout the circuit

• Total voltage = v1+v2

• Total resistance = R1+R2

What is the most stable nucleotide

Iron-56

When is a photon emitted

When ever a electron jumps down an energy level

What is emitted during alpha decay

A helium nucleus

What is emitted in beta negative decay

An anti neutrino

What is emitted during beta positive decay

A neutrino

What is emitted during gamma decay

An alpha or beta particle (energy)

Proton

uud

Neutron

udd

kaon

ds

Meson

du

When are photon used a boson

When there is total animation or spontaneously forming protons and electrons

1 degree

3600 arc second (as)

What happens to a white dwarf when it has a mass greater than 1.4

It collapses in on itself

How to find distance in Astro physics

• Parallax d=1/p

• Cepheid. b=L/4pid²

• H.R diagrams. Max wavelength(T)= 2.9×10-³mk

• Red shift. z=new wavelength/og wavelength ≈v/c