AP Euro Agreements/Treaties/Acts/Terms

Spanish Inquisition

catholic church courts to prevent heresy

Book of common prayer

basis of angolan church, under edward's rule

act of supremacy

made king henry VIII head of church 1558

edict of nantes 1598

henry Iv allowed huguenots to worship freely. ended french wars of religion.

star chamber

henry VII - special court used as political weapon to try nobles. secret sessions (no juries, witnesses, right of appeal)

concordat of Bologna

france 1516, agreement between Francis I and Poplio X on tax + church. pope can now collect income from french catholic church, and francis can appoint church officials (so they cant talk to pope one on one)

peace of augsburg

1555 - individual rulers in HRE can decide subjects to be catholic or lutheran (charles V)

treason act

it was a capital crime to refuse to recognize the church of england as the official state church

act of uniformity

elizabeth I - english subjects had to attend anglican church 1x a week or pay a fine

treaty of tordesillas

imaginary line splitting spanish + portugese territory

Asiento system

a trade agreement established in the 17th century, primarily between Spain and other European powers, that granted the right to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies in the Americas.

middle passage

slaves from west africa, many died on packed ships, long route. 2-6 weeks, more people = more money. died of diseases, inhumane

planter society

a society divided sharply among class lines; colonies south of PA and east of DE = few white rich landowners + lots of poor farmers

bank of amsterdam

opened 1609 by dutch, to help money economy

join stock company

merchants invest in it, if it makes profit, they get a dividend of money

DEIC, BEIC, FEIC

oversee trade in indian ocean, priv companty, investors bought shares

double-entry booking

all debits into one column, all credits to anopther, need for all the money

commercial urban centers

genou (north italy), amsterdam (holland) (canals), london (england) (grew from capital cheap $)

price revolution

caused by population growth and rising food costs, led to accumulation of capital and expansion of market economy through commercialization of agriculture = benefited large landowners in west europe

enclosure movement

landowners fenced off land from villagers to raise sheep for wool or grow crops for profit. caused villagers to move to cities for survival or work for landowners

simony

buying and selling of church offices

politique

a ruler who cares more about unity and peace of their state than the religion (ex: elizabeth I, henry IV)

defenstration of prague

protestants THREW catholic agents of HRE out of a castle window in prague (bohemia) (survived). HRE started 30 yrs war.

westphalia treaty 1648

ended 30 yrs war. 100s of diplomats met, calvinism became recognized as a faith, dutch republic was independent. french + swedish territory gained. marked the end of universal christendom idea, declined HRE by giving bishops, princes control over religion

papal

the pope

Roman Inquisition

church courts established in 1542 to combat protestantism and enhance catholic orthodoxy and prevent heresy

index of prohibited books

banned scholar/non catholic books. protestants complained of simony, immorality, indulgences

council of trent 1545-63

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. outcome: no simony, reestablished celibacy of priests, no sale of indulgences, reaffirmed catholic doctrines

prestige of landownership

wealthy people own land

ursuline order for nuns

religious education and training for young girls

La Querelle des Femmes

Literally, "the question of women," a literary debate which began amongst intellectual elites and religious leaders around 1500 about the nature and status of women

charivari

Degrading public torture, carry a nagging wife on back of horse through the streets tied up

english parliament

upper = house of lords (ppl with land)

lower = house of commons (ppl w/out land)

glorious revolution 1688

Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary of orange as the new leaders.of england

english bill of rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

parliamentary soverignity

The doctrine that grants the legislature the power to make or overturn any law and permits no veto or judicial review.

putting-out system

system of textile merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers (peasants) for processing and payment that was fully developed in England (made clothes IN their house)

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

diplomacy

when states come to agreements by talking instead of going to war

table of ranks

A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov positions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy). ranked nobility and made them servants to the state

magna carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom (limited the monarch)

divine right rule

term to describe monarch's belief that their authority to rule came directly from God

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

the wealth of nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

physiocrats

This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land (laissez-faire)

Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

1. Guaranteed the succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, to the throne

2. Guaranteed the indivisibility of the Habsburg lands

3. Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740

Treaty of Paris 1763

ended seven years war (french and indian war)

Britain gained French Canada and land between Appalachian mountains and Mississippi river

France gained Carribean sugar islands and commercial installations in India back

Prussia retained possession of Silesia

the invisible hand

A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all

england's contagious disease act of 1864

inspections of womens bodies for veneral disease (prostitutes)

declaration of rights of man and citizen 1789

Document that represented the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings. It declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.

charter of towns

Extended civil liberties to Jews in Russia. (catherine the great)

navigation acts

british goods must be on British vessels.; led to a monopoly for british merchants, rich money, weakened dutch

acts of union 1707

political union of England and Scotland, unified into one monarh, created the UK of great britain

tennis court oath june 1789

The National Assembly (Constituent Assembly) declared they would not disband until they had written a new constitution for France that limited kings power; achieved by September 1791 when France made a constitutional monarchy

chapelier law

Law that forbade workers' association. Left peasants and workers to the freedom of the marketplace, helped middle class

civil constitution of clergy 1790

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, in france,disbanded the church's monastic orders, confiscated church lands, eliminated tithe (tax on peasants TO church), clergy was placed under state authority

committee of public safety

Established and led by Robespierre (jacobin), fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror. killed 40000 people at the Guiotine

levee en masse

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.

republic of virtue

Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church

National Convention of 1792

declares France a republic and abolishes the monarchy! France also gets a new calendar, new holidays, and a new way of speaking to 'citizens' and 'citizenesses'.

civil code

french legal system by napolean, restored patriachy

concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

napoleanic code

a new code of laws based on Enlightenment ideas; such as, equality of all citizens, religious tolerance. Women lost many newly gained rights.

continental system

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

congress of vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

concert of europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

principle of active intervention

if there is a rebellion, france and austria will send troops to intervene

great exhibition of 1851

the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world.

corn laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

british royal society of the arts

Sponsored prizes for innovations in machinery and agriculture and played a pivotal part in the circulation of "useful knowledge"

ten hours act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories

factory act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

mines act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

carlsbad decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

frankfurt assembly

prussian king rejected "crown from the gutter" from the people, germany was NOT united as the middle class had hoped. SO germans made a new constitution = FAIL

october manifesto

(1905), issued by Nich. II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, universal suffrage for men, citizenship for russians, tsar could veto laws called the Duma into session. Alexander appointed vita to draft reforms

anti-corn law league

led by Richard Cobden and John Bright, argued for lower food prices

reform bill of 1832

made more electoral districts so now one in five men could vote in great britain

sunday school movement

Earliest form of public education in Britain; began in an effort to teach children to read the Bible.

temperance movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

British abolitionist movement 1833

sought to avbolish slavery in colonies, because of decline in profits and efforts of religous reform

1870 education act

This legislation promised that every student in England gets a form of education. However, only the working class were able to get such education for free; the middle and upper classes still had to pay.

red terror

The campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government - lenin

new economic policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.

league of nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. set up by woodrow wilson, but the US, Germany, and USSR didnt join it so it failed (senate refused to ratify treaty)

versailles treaty

Agreement in 1919 ending World War I; included huge war reparations to be paid by Germany.

self determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will - free all colonies

locaino pact

accepted the borders set at end of WWI

kellog-briand pact

agreement to renounce war

washington naval conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, reduce navy size, and to respect China's independence

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. britain and France appeased germany hitler for fear of communism, saw him as a buffer for USSR

lost generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

marshall plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

united nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

soviet bloc

The Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries that installed Communist regimes after World War II and were dominated by the Soviet Union.

iron curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

council for mutual economic assistance

The Soviet Union's response to the Marshall Plan, whereby the Soviet Union offered economic aid packages for Eastern European countries.

warsaw pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO